766 TITO ALE TIOGA TINDALE, William. See TYNDALE. TINGHAI. See CHUSAN. TI.YE, the northern branch of the great Athabascan family of American Indians, be- ing the most northerly of all except the Es- quimaux. They live north of lat. 55, and extend from central Alaska to Hudson bay. They embrace several large divisions, differing in language: 1, the Ohippewyans or Pointed Skins, called Montagnais by the French, in- cluding also the Caribou Eaters and Yellow Knives; 2, the Beaver Indians, on the west, the Mauvais Monde, and Sarcees ; 3, the Dog Kibs, Slaves, Hares, Nahaunes, Red Knives, Sheep, Brushwood, and Kooky Mountain In- dians, all E. of the Rocky mountains; 4, the Tacully or Carriers, including the Sicaunees in British Columbia ; 5, the Kutchin Dekedhe or Loucheux ; 6, the Kenai, including the Atnas in Alaska. They are generally mild, timid, and honest, live on fish or reindeer and other ani- mals, more frequently snared than hunted, and do not attempt to cultivate the ground. They are tall and slim, with a full face, dark com- plexion, and piercing eyes, and have more beard than other Indians. Their weapons and implements are generally rude, made of bone or stone ; but some tribes make excellent wa- ter-tight vessels of roots. Their jkanze or medicine men have great influence. The Chippewyans leave the dead unburied, but the Tacullies burn them. The estimates of their numbers vary ; those east of the Rocky moun- tains are estimated by Archbishop Tache' at 15,000. Catholic and Protestant missions have been established among them in various parts. TI.YVE, Alexandrine Petronella Frandna, a Dutch traveller, born at the Hague, Oct. 17, 1835, murdered in Fezzan, Africa, Aug. 1, 1869. Her father was an English merchant, her mother the baroness Van Steengracht-Capellen of Hol- land. She was rich, travelled in Europe and the East, settled in 1861 in Cairo, and in 1862 set out from Khartoom with a steamboat, transport vessels, beasts of burden, and a large retinue, to visit the White Nile. Her state made the natives believe her the daughter of a sultan. In 1863 she explored the Bahr el- Ghazal, the W. arm of the White Nile, in com- pany with Baron von Heuglin and Dr. Steud- ner, the latter of whom, together with Miss Tinne's mother, and many others, died from exposure. The expedition, which was absent 14 months, determined astronomically the po- sitiom of Lake Meshera, one of the feeders of the Ghazal. The flora of the region has since been illustrated in Kotschy's Planta Tinnia- nce, partly from her drawings and descriptions. In 1869 she set out from Tripoli for Borneo, with 70 camels and 50 attendants, of whom the only Europeans were two Dutch sailors. From Moorzook she turned aside to visit the country of the Tuariks, and while on the way to Ghat was murdered by her attendants. TLOCERAS, or Titanotherinm, a fossil mam- inal of the order dinocerata, discovered by Prof. O. C. Marsh in the eocene of Wyoming territory, in 1870. It was as large as an ele- phant, and had many characters of the pro- boscidians, with three separate pairs of horns, and large decurved canines like the walrus ; it also had characters of both the perissodactyl and artiodactyl ungulates. These animals have been named eobasileus and loxolophodon by Prof. Cope, and uintatherium by Prof. Leidy. ("American Naturalist," vol. vii., 1873.) TINTORETTO, D, an Italian painter, whose real name was GIAOOMO ROBUSTI, born in Ven- ice in 1512, died there in 1594. He was the son of a dyer, whence he received his popular name. He studied for a short time under Ti- tian, and subsequently began a rigorous course of self-instruction, inscribing over his studio : II disegno di Michel Angela e'l colorito di Ti- ziano (" The drawing of Michel Angelo and the coloring of Titian "). He did not however content himself with following them, but as- pired to become the founder of a school, which should supply whatever was deficient in their styles. He soon rose into great reputation among the Venetians, and in his best period his quickness of invention and the facility and rapidity of his execution were unequalled perhaps by any painter ; but his impetuosity made his performances remarkably unequal. His portraits are his most uniformly excellent works, and his landscapes are distinguished for imaginative suggest! veness. But his repu- tation rests mainly upon his great historical pictures in Venice. His masterpieces are the two immense compositions representing St. Mark rescuing a tortured slave from the hands of the heathen, and the " Crucifixion," both painted in his best period. The doge's palace is rich in his works, and contains, among other remarkable pieces, a representation of para- dise 84 ft. long and 34 ft. high, painted, like almost everything he produced, in oil. In the latter part of his life he degenerated into a coarse style, of which his " Last Judgment" and " Worshipping of the Golden Calf," in the church of Sta. Maria dell' Orto, are examples. In the maturity of his powers he wrought so fast and at so low a price, that few of the con- temporary painters of Venice could get em- ployment. Many of his works were bestowed gratuitously upon convents, and for others he got barely enough to pay for the materials. TIOGA. I. A S. county of New York, bor- dering on Pennsylvania, and intersected by the North branch of the Susquehanna river and by several railroads ; area, 480 sq. m. ; pop. in 1875, 31,744. The surface is very hilly and the soil generally fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 103,955 bushels of wheat, 229,395 of Indian corn, 622,379 of oats, 167,674 of buckwheat, 398,770 of potatoes, 79,432 Ibs. of wool, 1,907,767 of butter, and 65,- 078 tons of hay. There were 6,402 horses, 16,424 milch cows, 9,393 other cattle, 19,668 sheep, and 6,130 swine; 8 manufactories of agricultural implements, 3 of boots and shoes,
