V7i> TITIAN ni.ilion manyoftlie forfeited church lands when H,,|d wre peeially exempted, iilld HOlllU ere llhii exempted l> compo .ll l II :IIM! ' "in, l, -.lion. These partial exemptions only IM.nl.' the burden more ('aUill}/ In those who
,. r MII 1 1< -I Inl l.o |>ay ; ami us tin I ithc-i en-
n | , |',M- the iii|iporl. of ! In- Olerg f I !. lished church, it, was |'iirl icularly annoying to , .|-M, ami lia . been !'! I <> centuries a I lUbjeol of complaint, Until Mm rei<-;n .f William IV. tin- payment of tithes mi:'hl he exacted m kind, i.m. i. the act of r. :m.i ; ii linn [ V., O. 71, lUld NUl)MO<|ll0.nt nets, I it lies have I. , n , oiix cried into H rent charge payable ill inoncx, lull, varying anniialh according to I lie price of corn for ! he preceding e . n In Ireland lhe h;i<l been compounded nt three I'oiirtliM their I'.. nnrr , -I nn.it rd xalue pivioin to the disestablishment art of ISti'J, vhirh abolished tithes, and created a common fund for the support, of the Protestant Kpisco- pal elnireh ami clergy. In France lil.lioS Were abolished nl the revolution, and this example was followed afterward hy the other conti iieulal ittttMi In >he Canadian provineo of Ollehec tithes are still colleeled by the K'Uliail ( 'alholie clergy, in irlne of the old I'rclich law Htill ill force there, III the United Stales tithes are only exacted hy the Mormon hieraivh , and amontf them llio Hyshun is modelled on that of the Jewish Iheoeraey. TI'I'IIN (Ti/i NO Yi i 1:1 i i.), an Italian paint- er, horn near I'ievedi Cadoi-i-, I'Viuli, in I I ', V, li.-d in Venice, Au. 27, 157K ILo is said to liavi' made his first attempts at coloring ill his early childhood with juices expressed from tlowors. In his ninth year ho viis phicod under Sehasliano Xucciiti, a Venetian painter and worker in mosaic, and mil).so<|Uentl) iml iod under liellini. II" also came prol>;d>jv nnd.-r the iullileliee of Alhert Durer, who i-ited N'eiiiee ill I -I'.M Mild a^aill ill l.*>l)7, hut, was indehtcd ehietly to his intimate friend and fellow student, (iior^ione for the ideas of art and color hich lon;^ ^ovi-rned him. At (Jlortfioiie's death in I'll! th' stles of the In,, .-irlists were, HO similar that it a--i dilli cult, to dist in^iiish I heir productions, and Titian readils completed the unlinished orks of his fi'i.'iid. Pei-.-en in;'; that hreadthof form pro diiced hreadth i>f color, he endeavored to see nature in a more ample lii^ht, and, in !.:id ofeopin^or imitating her tones, to ^en-ral- i.'e Mild eleMfe them in accordance with his original conceptions. The result was n free and serene heanl of form and expression, and M representation of life reali/iii!' what. Ku-rler Calls "the vlorilieation of earthly existence, and the liheration of art from the honds of ecclesiastical dogmas." l-efl at the a;-;e of :? I without a rival, Titian entered upon a career which for the uniform excellence of its pro duction-, for celehrity and duration, has per- haps no parallel in the h'iMor of pMintin:'. Commissions from the wealth) Venetian no- bility alVorded him abundant employment. In I.M I he vi-ited the court of Duke AIl'oii 10 I. ..f l-'crrara, for whom he painted the "Arrival of Macchus in the Island of Naxns" and " A Sac- riliee to thetioddess of lert Mil y ," which an- al. Madrid, and the " I'.acchus and Ariadne," in (lit* Hrilish national gallery, which presents an 4-pitome of all the characteristic localities of Titian in composition, color, and form. At TVrrara he also painted portraits of Lncre/.ia Borgia and of Arioslo. I UM as a^;ain at Venice from I -Mil to I.M'.u, when he ent to Bologna to paint the portraits of the emperor Charles V. and I'ope Clement VII., and to Mantua, u here he executed for the duke a series of the twelve (JlDSarfl. At (15 lie retained (I, and freshness of youth, while the maj/ie charm of his color and the cheerful >e!vni!y of his stle seemed to mellow with lime. In IM.'t-Ti he rei-.iled I'.oloi'iia and lurrara, and painted the emperor Charles V. for the third or fourth time, and Pope I'anl III. After pas^in t illie in the employment of the dllke of I'r- hino, hi^ went, to Koine, hen- he produced, a masterpiece in his picture of the old pope with his grandsons, Cardinal Iarnese and DUKO Ottuvio h'ariiese. While enj. r a!'C(| npiMi a pie- lu^^ of -liipiler and hanae, he as i-iled by Michel An:';e|o, who, after expressing admira- tion for his colorin;', observed that if he had been early grounded in the principles of draw- in: 1 , he onld rank as the lirst painter in the world. In l,">ls he uas summoned b Charles
. to Au^.sbur^, and reci -i ed from him the title
of count palatine of the empire and a pension. Aftor the abdication of Charles he continued in jM-eat fax or u ilh his son Philip II. of Spain, for whom he painted important xorks; but his pension was thenceforth constantly in arrears, and he was fretpiently obliged to petition the Spanish ollicials for the sums due him for pictures. The remainder of Titian's life was passed principally in Venice. His " Martyr- dom of St. l.axx rence," in the Jesuits 1 church in Venice, painted when lie was s|, is one of his largest and j'.randes! compositions; and at least one of his celebrated Ma^dalens thai in the Ksciirial, was executed even later. At !M eat i-rrow rather than time bc-
- -.! n to atl'ect him, and, not withstanding he
clnn^ resolnti-ly to his art for consolation, the vifjor and beaut of his style became impaii'ed. In his UTth year he received Henry III. of I'Yance, who passed throiivh X'enice on his way from Poland, ilh mai'iiiticeiil. hospitality; and I o ears later, while yet occupied with his art, IK- fell a victim to the plague. His latest ork as a dead Christ ith the Virgin and atli-ndant saints, now in tin* academy of Venice. By a special exception in his favor lit- was buried in the church of Santa Maria de" 1-Vari. The works of Titian eomprisi- sa- cred and profane historx, mylholo^ical sub- jects, portraits, and landsca|ms, the la-t named hein^ generally treated in connection ilh other subjects, though not alxvays in subor- dination to them. Many of the pictures pass-
