776 TITUS TLAXCALA towns of Ilerculaneum, Stabiae, and Pompeii were destroyed ; in 80 a great fire broke out in Eome which lasted three days, and a plague began to ravage the city, of which thousands died daily. Titus almost exhausted his finan- ces in order to relieve his unfortunate sub- jects, repaired many aqueducts, made a rotd from Rome to Ariminum (the modern Rimini), completed the Colosseum, which his father had begun, and also constructed the baths called the baths of Titus. In dedicating these two last, he gave magnificent entertainments, which continued 100 days, on one of which 5,000 wild beasts are said to have been set fighting in the new amphitheatre. He checked all prosecu- tions of Icesa majestas, and punished all inform- ers. He pardoned his brother Domitian, who several times had attempted to supplant him. Meanwhile his health declined, and going to the Sabine country, he expired in the same vil- la in which his father had died. Titus is said to have written Greek poems and tragedies. TTTCS, a companion and fellow laborer of the apostle Paul. He was a Greek, and was one of those persons sent from Antioch to Jerusalem to consult the apostles, and it was not judged necessary that he should be cir- cumcised. He accompanied Paul to Jerusa- lem, was his agent at Corinth and in Dalma- tia, and was left with ecclesiastical commis- sions on the island of Crete. According to ecclesiastical authorities and tradition, he was the first bishop of Crete. TITUS, Epistle t4>, a canonical book of the New Testament, addressed by the apostle Paul to his disciple Titus. This and the two epis- tles to Timothy form the pastoral letters of the apostle, all of which have so many points in common that their authenticity has been generally attacked and defended simultaneous- ly. The date of the Epistle to Titus has been the subject of much dispute, some fixing it as early as the year 52, others as late as 65, oth- ers at various intermediate years. The apostle furnishes Titus, whom he had left behind in Crete, with rules of conduct for himself, es- pecially in regard to the appointment of elders (i. 5-9), and certain false teachers (i. 10-16), as well as for Christians in general (ch. ii. and iii.). The commentaries on the Epistles to Timothy generally include also the Epistle to Titus. (See TIMOTHY, EPISTLES TO.) TITIJSVILLE, a city of Crawford co., Penn- sylvania, on Oil creek, 85 m. N". by E. of Pitts- burgh, and 40 m. S. S. E. of Erie; pop. in 1870, 8,639 ; in 1875, about 10,000. It is in the midst of a fine dairy region, and is surrounded by hills. The streets are broad, straight, and well paved; the dwellings are of wood and brick, and are surrounded by gardens ; the business blocks are of brick. It is well drained, lighted with gas, and has Holly water works. It com- municates with Buffalo, Erie, Pittsburgh, and other points by means of the Dunkirk, Alle- ghany Valley, and Pittsburgh, the Oil Creek and Alleghany River, and the Union and Titus- ville railroads. Titusville is the chief place in the oil region, and owes its prosperity to the petroleum wells in the vicinity. It had only 300 inhabitants in 1859, when the production was commenced. It contains seven oil refine- ries, using 6,000 barrels of crude petroleum daily ; three oil-barrel factories, besides a num- ber of cooper shops, together producing 3,000 barrels a day ; four iron works and f ounderies, manufacturing steam engines and boilers, stop- cocks and pipe fittings, and oil-well tools, and also doing brass casting and finishing ; two sulphuric acid factories, two flouring mills, two lager-beer breweries, four banks, a high school, four ward schools, two Roman Catho- lic schools, two daily and weekly newspapers, and 12 churches. TIVOLI (anc. Tibur), a town of Italy, in the province and 16 m. E. H. E. of the city of Rome, on the Teverone (anc. Anio) and on the slope of Mt. Ripoli ; pop. about 6,000. It is remark- able for magnificent scenery and for its an- tiquities, which include villas, bridges, and the temples of the Sibyl and of Vesta. The cele- brated falls of the Anio were best seen from the grottoes of Neptune and the Sirens till 1826, when the artificial wall over which they flowed was destroyed by an inundation. The course of the river was then diverted by cut- ting two long tunnels through the rock of Mt. Catillo, finished in 1834; the new falls thus formed are exceedingly picturesque, as well as the numerous small cascades in the TV. part of the town. The ancient Tibur, probably a Siculian city, was one of the early rivals of Rome. As a member of the Latin league, it was, after a protracted struggle, taken in 338 B. 0., and deprived of a part of its territory. Remaining nominally independent, it became a resort of Roman exiles. It was famed for the worship of Hercules in one of the most beautiful temples of the period, and for its associations with illustrious Romans who had villas here during the republic and the early days of the empire. The domain of Hadrian, S. of Tibur, extended over 8 m., and included many public buildings besides a magnificent palace. In the middle ages the town again became important. Pius II. built the castle in its present form near the gate Santa Croce. TLAXCALA, or Tlascala (Aztec, "land of bread"), a state and city of the republic of Mexico. The state is bounded W. by the state of Mexico, and on all other sides by that of Puebla; area, 1,498 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 121,- 665. In area it is the smallest of the Mexican states, not including the federal district. It received its name from its great fertility in maize. The city, capital of the state, is be- tween two mountains on an upper branch of the river Mescala, 20 m. N. of the city of Pue- bla, and 70 m. E. by S. of Mexico ; pop. about 5,000. It has a cathedral, state house, bishop's palace, and the oldest Franciscan convent in Mexico. The Techichimecs founded the Tlax- calan republic, which successfully resisted all
