794 TON TONGUE rated by the Irtish; area, 329,027 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 838,756. The Altai mountains extend along the S. part. The river Obi rises in the south, flows M"., and receives numerous tribu- taries, the chief of which are the Tchumish, Tom, Tchulim, and Ket. There are several lakes. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and iron are extensively worked in the south. The N. part is barren, but toward the south the pas- tures become luxuriant, and abundant crops are raised ; but cattle constitute the principal wealth. II. A city, capital of the government, on the right bank of the Tom, 620 m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk ; pop. in 1867, 24,431. It consists of an upper town inhabited by the wealthy class- es, chiefly Russians, and a lower town, by Tar- tars and Bokharians. It has many fine private and public buildings. In 1875 provisions were made for a Siberian university here. The chief trade is in grain, leather, and furs. Situated on the great road leading to the Chinese bor- der, it is next to Irkutsk the most prosperous town of Siberia. It was founded about 1610. TON, or Tan, a denomination of weight, equal to 20 cwt. or 2,240 Ibs., and also (usually with the second orthography) a liquid measure of 252 gallons ; also applied to dry measures and solid measures of various capacities in differ- ent countries. In common use, the ton weight is often rated at 2,000 Ibs., when it is termed the " short ton ;" but by act of congress, when not specified to the contrary, the ton is to be understood as 2,240 Ibs. In Maryland the or- dinary ton is 2,000 Ibs., the usual coal ton 2,240 Ibs., and the miner's ton, according to which he is paid, is 2,470 Ibs., the allowance being for waste. The shipping ton of France was by the old standard 2,158*43 Ibs., and the metrical ton is 2,204'6 Ibs. ; the shipping ton of Spain is 2,032-2 Ibs.; of Portugal, 1,755-8 Ibs. The measurement ton for shipping is in the United States 40 cubic ft. In England the tun for wine is 252 gallons. TONE, Theobald Wolfe, an Irish revolution- ist, born in Dublin, June 20, 1763, died in prison there, Nov. 19, 1798. He graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, and was called to the bar in London in 1789. In defence of the whig club he published " A Review of the Last Session of Parliament" in pamphlet form, and on the appearance of a rupture with Spain wrote a pamphlet to prove that Ireland as an independent nation was not bound by a declaration of war. Subsequent- ly he sought to effect a union against the government between the Catholics of Ireland and the dissenters, and in 1791 addressed to the latter " An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland." The same year he as- sisted in founding the first club of " United Irishmen" at Belfast, and others in other parts of Ireland. He became secretary and agent of the Catholic committee in 1792, and was subsequently implicated in the proceed- ings of Jackson, sent from France to sound the sentiments of the Irish. He was allowed to retire from the country, and in 1795 came to the United States. Letters asserting that Ireland was ripe for a revolt induced him to sail for France in January, 1796, to gain the aid of the directory ; and owing in large measure to his exertions, that government determined to fit out a powerful expedition under the command of Hoche. In July Tone received his commission as chef de brigade, and was also made an adjutant general to Hoche, whom he accompanied in December in the arma- ment destined for Bantry bay. The fleet was scattered by storms, and the French govern- ment would not undertake another expedi- tion. In 1797 Tone was attached to Moreau's army; and in September, 1798, he accompa- nied a petty squadron destined for Ireland, which was intercepted and defeated by an English squadron. After fighting desperately, Tone was captured, carried to Dublin, tried by court martial, and sentenced to be hanged on Nov. 12. He died, however by his own hand, having cut his throat with a penknife on the llth. After his death appeared "The Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, written by himself, with his Political Writings," &c., edited by his son William Theobald Wolfe Tone (including " An Account of his own Campaigns under Napo- leon," 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1826 ; abridged, London, 1827, 1837, and 1847). His son was an officer in the French army, and after the fall of Napoleon in that of the United States ; and he was also the author of Ufita^ civil et politique de Pltalie sous la domination des Goths (Paris, 1813), and "School of Cavalry" (Georgetown, D. C., 1833). TONGATABOO. See FRIENDLY ISLANDS. TONGUE, in the animal system, the organ, situated on the median line, at the commence- ment of the alimentary canal, ministering to the senses of touch and taste. Taking the tongue of man as an example, the organ is at- tached at its base to the movable hyoid arch of bones, and suspended and kept in place by mus- cles from the base of the skull, lower jaw, and hyoid bone ; it is essentially composed of mus- cular fibres, which move freely its various por- tions ; it is covered by sensitive mucous mem- brane, containing numerous mucous glands and follicles ; fibrous, areolar, and fatty tissues enter into its structure, which is freely supplied with blood vessels and nerves. The size bears no relation to the height of the individual, but is proportioned to the capacity of the alveolar arch; it is, therefore, smaller in women than in men. From the base to the epiglottis ex- tends a fold serving to limit the movements of the latter organ, and from the sides of the base to the soft palate two folds on each side, the pillars of the fauces, between which are the tonsils; under the anterior free extremity is the frenum, which connects it with the low- er jaw, a fibrous and mucous lamina or liga- ment, sometimes so short congenitally as to prevent the free movements of the tongue and to require an operation for its division. There
