C56 WINCHESTER WINCKELMANN above the judge's seat ; the barracks for 2,000 men, occupying a splendid building, once the palace of Charles II. ; a fine county hospital ; St. John's house, once belonging to the tem- plars, now a public assembly room ; and the ruins of Wolvesey castle, are particularly in- teresting. There are also a small theatre and Winchester Cathedral. a public library and reading rooms. There are no important manufactures. Winchester was a place of importance in the days of the ancient Britons, who called it Oaer Gwent or the White City. The Romans are supposed to have built the walls. In 519 Cerdic, the Saxon chief, captured it, and afterward made it the seat of his government. Under the Danes it became the capital of England, and so remained until after the reign of Henry II. WINCHESTER, Flhanan, an American clergy- man, born in Brookline, Mass., Sept. 80, 1751, died in Hartford, Conn., April 18, 1797. In 1769 he united with a Separate church in Brookline, began preaching, joined the open communion Baptists in Canterbury, Conn., in 1770, and in 1771 was ordained pastor of a church in Rehoboth, Mass. He soon became a restricted oommuniormt, was excommunicated by his church, and in 1780 became pastor of the first Baptist church in Philadelphia. Next avowing his belief in the final restoration of the wicked to holiness, he founded with most of his congregation a new church. From 1787 to 1794 he preached his new doctrine in Eng- land, and published several works there on the subject. His publications include more than 40 volumes. UI(KKLMA, Johann Joarbim, a German archaeologist, born in Stendal, Prussia, Dec. 9, 1717, murdered in Trieste, June 8, 1768. He was the son of a poor shoemaker, and struggled with adversity while pursuing de- sultory studies at Stendal, Berlin, Salzwedel, and the universities of Halle and Jena, attain- ing great proficiency in the ancient languages and familiarity with writings on art. After teaching for five years at Seehausen, he was employed as librarian by Count Bunau at Nothnitz near Dresden. The art gallery of that city, and Oeser and other painters whom he met, inspired him with a desire to visit Rome, and the nuncio Archinto promised him employment on condi- tion of his joining his church, to which he consented in 1755, af- ter five years of hesi- tation, but without change of belief. In the same year the pope granted him a small pension for two years, which enabled him to go to Rome, where he arrived in November. Here he met Raphael Mengs, who stimulated his love of ancient art, and became librarian to his Dresden patron, Cardinal Archinto, while the largest pri- vate library of Rome, that of Cardinal Pas- sionei, afforded him vast materials for research. His position was greatly improved by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, who appointed him libra- rian and lodged him in his palace and in his villa near the Porta Salara, and whose cele- brated collections opened new sources of in- formation. In 1763 ho became prefect of antiquities and Hellenist of the Vatican libra- ry. He visited Florence, Naples, Portici, Her- culaneum, and Pompeii, and was so much at- tached to Italy that he declined an appoint- ment at Berlin. In 1768, after starting on a journey to Germany with the sculptor Cava- ceppi, he became melancholy as soon as he had left the Italian soil, and could not be per- suaded to go beyond Vienna. Returning to Rome by way of Trieste, ho was assassinated by a professional thief named Arcangeli, who after winning his confidence killed him for the sake of some rare gold coins which Maria Theresa had presented to him. Winckelmann is regarded as the founder of scientific archaj- ology and of the historical and critical investi- gation of antiquities; he modified all the old theories of the beautiful, and revived in art and poetry the classical spirit of ancient Greece. His views suggested Lessing's Laokoon, and un- der the influence of Heyne they imparted a powerful impulse to the Augustan period of German poetry, which was nobly appreciated in Goethe's Winckelmann und stin Jahrhun- dert, published in conjunction with H. Meyer and other writers (Tubingen, 1805). His most celebrated work is Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums (1764), with its supplement entitled
