NOTES TO THE FIRST BOOK OF THE COURTIER seventeen existing pictures, of which the best known is the Fete Champitre in the Louvre, while the only one whose authenticity is entirely free from doubt is the " Madonna and Saints" in the Duomo at Castelfranco. The Urbino col- lection comprised two portraits by Giorgione, one of which is supposed to have represented Duke Guidobaldo, but unfortunately is lost. Note 101, page 51. ISOCRATES, (born 436; died 338 B.C.), an Athenian orator, was a pupil of Socrates, and became the instructor of many famous orators. His diction was of the purest Attic, and his writings were highly prized by the Alexandrian grammarians. The first printed edition of his works (1493) was edited by Castiglione's Greek master, Chalcondylas. Lysias, (died about 380 B.C.), an Athenian orator, abandoned the stilted monotony of the older speakers, and employed the simple language of every-day life, but with purity and grace. /ESCHINES, (born 389; died 314 B.C.), was the rival and finally un- successful antagonist of Demosthenes. Note 102, page 51. Caius Papirius Carbo, (Consul in 120 B.C.), was an adherent of the Gracchi, but became a renegade and finally committed suicide. He was generally suspected of murdering Scipio Africanus the Younger. While abominating the man's character, Cicero praises his oratory. Caius L^LIUS Sapiens was Consul in 140 B.C. His friendship with Scipio is commemorated in Cicero's De Amicitia. While he was in his own time re- garded as the model orator, later grammarians resorted to his works for archaisms. SciPio Africanus the Younger, (died 129 B.C.), captured Carthage in the Third Punic W^ar, and was leader of the aristocratic party at Rome against the popular reforms of the Gracchi. His works, of which only a few fragments survive, are praised by Cicero and were long held in esteem. Galea, see note 87. Publius Sulpicius Rufus, (born 124 ; died 88 B.C.), was a tribune of the plebs. Cicero says: "Of all the orators I ever heard, Sulpicius was the most dignified, and, so to speak, the most tragic." Caius Aurelius Cotta, (Consul 75 B.C.), is characterized by Cicero, who had argued a cause against him, as a most acute and subtle orator, but his style seems to have been dry and unimpassioned. Caius Sempronius Gracchus, (died 121 B.C.), a son of the famous Cornelia, and brother-in-law of Scipio Africanus the Younger, is noted chiefly for his vain struggle in behalf of popu- lar rights. Only fragments of his oratory have survived. Marcus Antonius and Crassus, see note 85. Note 103, page 51. " In a certain place," i.e., De Oratore, II, xxiii, 97. Note 104, page 51. The Italian mrtU has here its Latin meaning of natural vigour. See also note 330. Note 105, page 51. Angelo POLIZIANO, (born 1454; died 1494), was a native of Montepulciano (about twenty-seven miles south-east of Siena), of which his name is a Latinized form. To English students he is better known as POLI- 344
