The oven is heated by a circulation of hot air. This is accomplished by closing the oven-damper, which is situated near the oven. When this damper is left open, the hot air rushes up the chimney. The damper near the chimney is known as the chimney-damper. When open it gives a free outlet for the escape of smoke and gas. When partially closed, as is usually the case in most ranges, except when the fire is started, it serves as a saver of heat. There is also a check, which, when open, cools the fire and saves heat, but should always be closed except when used for this purpose.
Stoves are but seldom used, portable ranges having taken their places.
A portable range is a cooking-stove with one oven door; it often has an under oven, of use for warming dishes and keeping food hot.
A gas range is growing in popularity. Coal-range companies recognizing their value have put on the market combination ranges for the use of gas as well as coal. The gas companies, who furnish the fuel, send out demonstrators upon request who teach their use.
An electric range is desirable where electricity is inexpensive or cost need not be considered.
A fireless cooker has many devotees. It is especially adapted to use in conjunction with a gas range for foods that require long, slow cooking.
HOW TO BUILD A FIRE
Before starting to build a fire, free the grate from ashes. To do this, put on covers, close front and back dampers, and open oven-damper; turn grate, and ashes will fall into the ash receiver. If these rules are not followed, ashes will fly over the room. Turn grate back into place, remove the covers over fire-box, and cover grate with pieces of paper (twisted in centre and left loose at the ends). Cover paper with small sticks, or pieces of pine wood, being sure that the wood reaches the ends of fire-box, and so arranged that it will admit air. Over pine wood arrange hard wood
