Key
To the Pronunciation and Reading
Vowels
- a, e, i, o, u, (unmarked) have short sounds, sometimes scarcely perceptible in ending syllables.
- ◌̂ (upon vowel) markes long sound
- ◌̀ (upon vowel) markes broad sound.
- ◌̆ (upon u) markes a guttural sound, like the Greek υ.
- ◌̃ (upon any vowel) markes nasal sound:—am, em, im, om, um.
- ◌́ markes stress of voice (accent) upon certain syllables of words
Consonants and Dipthongal Sounds
"will be indicated afterwards"
Principal Abbreviations Used:
| Lat. | Latin. |
| Ger. | German. |
| Eng. | English. |
| It. | Italian. |
| Fr. | French. |
| Sp. | Spanish. |
| Port. | Portuguese. |
| Br. | Brasilian. |
