Moulmein. This species ascends the Himalayas to moderate
elevations. It is capricious in its distribution, being rare in some parts of the Empire and extremely common in others.
The House-Sparrow to the eastward is found in Cochin-China, and on the west it extends to Europe.
Habits, fyc. Breeds usually from February to May, but also at other times of the year, making a shapeless nest of grass and various materials in holes about houses, in walls, in wells, and occasionally in some thick tree or shrub. The eggs, which are usually five in number, are white or greenish marked with various shades of brown, and measure about '81 by '6.
777. Passer pyrrhonotus. The Rufous-backed Sparrow.
Passer pyrrhonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 946 (1844) ; id. Cat. p. 119 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 36o; Hume, Cat. no. 709; Hume, S. F. ix, pp. 232, 442 ; Doio, S. F. ix, p. 280 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xii, p. 316, pi. v ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 266 j Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd'ed. ii, p. 162.
Coloration. Male. After the autumn moult the forehead, crown, and hind neck are ashy grey ; lores and under the eye blackish ; a broad band behind the eye and ear-coverts chestnut, with ashy fringes ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck ashy grey ; chin and throat black, with whitish fringes, and bordered on both sides by a broad whitish band ; lower plumage pale ashy, becoming whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; back chestnut, fringed with fulvous, and the inner web of each feather with a black streak ; lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, and rump chestnut with ashy fringes ; median coverts almost entirely white ; greater coverts blackish, edged with chestnut-brown ; quills dark brown, edged with pale chestnut-brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts ashy ; tail brown, edged with dull fulvous. In the spring and summer all the fringes on the various parts of the plumage get worn away, and those parts become a dark uniform colour.
Female. The whole upper plumage ashy brown, the feathers of the back with black streaks on the inner web ; median wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with pale buff ; the greater coverts blackish, broadly edged with buff ; the quills dark brown edged with buff, most broadly so at the base near the coverts ; tail brown, narrowly edged with buff ; a broad supercilium isabelline ; sides of head ashy ; the entire lower plumage pale ashy white.
Iris light brown ; eyelids leaden slaty ; legs and toes dusky fleshy brown (Doiy}. In winter the bill is dusky brown, in summer probably black.
Length about 5-5 ; tail 2*1 ; wing 2-6 ; tarsus '65 ; bill from gape -45,
Distribution. Bahawalpur ; the Eastern Nara, Sind.
Habits, fyc. Mr. Doig remarks that he never met with these Sparrows at any distance from water, and that they were usually seen in small flocks. Their food consists of seeds and insects.
