is narrow, and the nostrils look forwards and downwards instead of sidewards—hence the term 'Catarrhinæ.' The external auditory meatus is long and bony. The tail is long, with the exception of Macacus inuus. The body is covered with a thick coat of furry hair. Catarrhine monkeys have existed, we know with certainty, since the Miocene.
24. Stage of Catarrhinæ Anthropoidæ, or Apes. Now represented by the large apes—namely, the Hylobates or gibbon of South-Eastern Asia, Simia satyrus, the orang-utan of Sumatra and Borneo, Troglodytes gorilla, T. niger and T. calvus, the gorilla and the chimpanzees from Western Equatorial Africa. Of fossils are to be mentioned Pliopithecus and Dryopithecus from European Miocene, and Troglodytes sivalensis from the Pliocene of the Punjaub. The tail is reduced to a few caudal vertebræ, which are transformed into a coccyx, not visible externally; but in the embryos of apes and man the tail is still a conspicuous feature. The walk is semi-
