III. SOME PRE-HISTORIC CHANGES AND THEIR FRUITS
The Sounds of Pro-ethnic Indo-European
§ 54. The chief sounds which can be shown to have existed in words that descended from Indo-European into Latin are these:
| Vowels: a, e, i, o, u, ə. | |||
| Liquids and Nasals: r, l; m, n. | |||
| Breathed | Voiced | ||
| Fricatives: | Dental | s | z |
| Plosives: | Velar | q | ǥ |
| Palatal | k̑ | g̑ | |
| Dental | t | d | |
| Labial | p | b | |
| Voiced Aspirates: ǥh, g̑h, dh, bh. | |||
Besides these there were the Non-vowel Sonants (r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥); the Semi-vowels, Consonantal i and u (i̯ and u̯); the Velar nasal ŋ, and the Palatal nasal n̑, all of which have been just described. Of the difference between the so-called “Pure Velars” and the other Velars something will be said in § 173.
Most of these sounds except the Aspirates (§§ 174 ff.)
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