§ 83. Consonants.
c, g are always hard.
c (cepi, accepi), as c in cat.
g (gero, agger), as g in get.
So even before i.
c (facio), as c in cat (not as s, nor as sh).
g (tegit), as g in get.
ng (tangit), as ng in finger (not as in hanging).
t is always hard, even before i.
t (fortia, ratio), as t in native.
s is always a breathed, dental sound.
s (sub, rosa, res, sponsio), as s in sit, sponsor, ce in
race (not as in rose or raise, nor as in conclusions). Similarly when compounded;
x (exul) = ks, as in extract,
bs (urbs) = ps (not bz).
i and u consonantal.
i̯ (j), e.g. jacio, as y in you (not as j in Jack).
u (v), e.g. volo, practically as w in we, Fr. ou in oui (not as v in very, see § 158).
qu (qui, quod), as qu in queen.
gu (unguere), as gu in anguish, gw in Gwendolen.
r was always trilled, even in the middle and at the end of words, e.g. in rarus; parma, datur (not as in English palmer, hatter).
Double consonants, e.g. vac-ca, pul-lus, were pronounced separately, as they regularly are in Italian, or as in English book-keeper, well let.
§ 84. For a fuller explanation of this statement and comments on one or two special points (such as the sound of the diphthongs ae, oe, of final -m, and of
