entire youth (tota juventus) is sent to sweat in the schools";[1] and about the middle of the twelfth century, Otto of Freising suggests a like contrast between the Italy and Germany of his time.[2]
In Italy the study of grammar, with all that it included, was established in tradition, and also was regarded as a necessary preparation for the study both of law and medicine. Even in the eleventh century these professions were followed by men who were "grammarians," a term to be taken to mean for the early Middle Ages the profession of letters. In the eleventh century, a lawyer or notary in Italy (where there were always such, and some study of law and legal forms) needed education in a Latinity different from the vulgar Latin which was turning into Italian. A little later, Irnerius, the founder of the Bologna school, was a teacher of "grammar" before he became a teacher of law.[3] As for medicine, that appears always to have been cultivated at least in southern Italy; and a knowledge of grammar, even of logic, was required for its study.[4]
The survival of medical knowledge in Italy did not, in
- ↑ Tetralogus, Pertz, Mon. Germ, scriptores, xi. 251.
- ↑ The clerical schools were no less important than the lay, but less distinctive because their fellows existed north of the Alps. Cathedral schools may be obscurely traced back to the fifth century; and there were schools under the direction of the parish priests. In them aspirants for the priesthood were educated, receiving some Latin and some doctrinal instruction. So the cathedral and parochial schools helped to preserve the elements of antique education; but they present no such open cultivation of letters for their own profane sake as may be found in the schools of lay grammarians. The monastic schools are better known. From the ninth century they usually consisted of an outer school (schola exterior) for the laity and youths who wished to become secular priests, and an inner school (interior) for those desiring to become monks. At different times the monastery schools of Bobbio, Farfa, and other places rose to fame, but Monte Cassino outshone them all.As to the schools and culture of Italy during the early Middle Ages, see Ozanam, Les Écoles en Italic aux temps barbares (in his Documents inédits, etc., and printed elsewhere); Giesebrecht, De literarum studiis apud Italos, etc. (translated into Italian by C. Pascal, Florence, 1895, under the title L' Istrusione in Italia nei primi secoli del Medio-Evo); G. Salvioli, L' Istrusione publica in Italia nei secoli VIII., IX., X. (Florence, 1898); Novati, L' Influsso del pensiero latino sopra la civiltà italiana del Medio-Evo (2nd ed., Milan, 1899).
- ↑ See post, Chapter XXXIII., iii.
- ↑ At Salerno, according to the Constitution of Frederick II., three years' preliminary study of the scientia logicalis was demanded, because "numquam sciri potest scientia medicinae nisi de scientia logicali aliquid praesciatur" (cited by Novati, L' Influsso del pensiero latino, etc., p. 220). Just as Law and Medical Schools in the United States may require a college diploma from applicants for admission.
