sideration. The observations at lightships and lighthouses are mostly made when untoward circumstances bring the birds within range of vision, and on dark and foggy nights cause them to strike the light in great numbers. What is their normal course when no great migration wave or "rush" is observed? Are the few passing stragglers noted all that go by this route in fair weather? The some uncertainty must be applied to the observation of passing birds in inland localities. The immense numbers which do pass is shown by the observation of large movements, when as occasionally happens some check to normal migration leads an army of birds to a dangerously low altitude, or when high winds hold up a portion of the host on our coasts; but even these multitudes must be small compared with the millions of birds which annually pass from zone to zone unseen. The few or many birds we meet with, either on the coast or inland, resting on passage, may represent a lost or wandering party of stragglers or weaklings from a vast army which has passed over; they may or may not be on the route or course normally followed by the majority. The cartography of bird migration is a study in itself. Mr Abel Chapman, describing his experiences in the Mediterranean, says—"For forty hours we were passing across (or beneath) the lines of an army of migrants—say 500 miles in width; yet not a sign
