that the small birds noticed would average 6 inches in length, calculated a height of 2000 feet above sea-level. At Detroit, Winkenwerde obtained estimates of a little over half a mile, and R. A. Bray, in England, saw birds crossing the sun in September 1894 which were invisible to the naked eye and must have been 2 or 3 miles away (11).
In December 1896 Mr H, H. Clayton, at Blue Hill Observatory, saw ducks flying at a height of 958 feet. He was at the time engaged in measuring the height and velocity of clouds, and was able to estimate the speed of the birds at nearly 48 miles per hour. In March geese passed at over 900 feet at 44.3 miles per hour. In 1905 Prof. Stebbins and Mr Carpenter worked out a scheme for ascertaining heights by simultaneous observation from different points. They based their calculations only on birds which were Observed by them both, and found that these passed at various altitudes, ranging from 1200 to 2300 feet; in the following October the lowest altitude observed was 1400 feet, and the highest 5400. Allowing the 25 per cent possible error, these results are of great value.
Mr Chapman's remarks about the upward flight of some of the birds are enlightening, for when birds start on oversea journeys they frequently ascend to a great height. Dr Allen and others think that the ascent is to increase the visible distance, but it may
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