BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 409 BUCKLAND. ibont 500 hands. The chief productions of the county ! are limestone, lime, sand, forest marhle ; beech, oak, and 'other timber; wheat, barley, clover, tares, turnips, hay; .ows, oxen, sheep, pigs, calves, and lambs; early i ducks, cream cheese, and butter, which are largely ex- | ported to the London market. The antiquities of this
- county are not very numerous. Several Roman sta-
itions existed within its limits. The ancient roads, Watling Street, leknield Street, and Akeman Street, intersected the county. Watling Street, now the grand {Holyhead road, entered it near Brickhill, and passed in a north-westerly line by Fenny and Stony Strat- ford into Northamptonshire. IckiuVld Street ran from Oimstable along the C'hiltern hills, by Wendover and is Kisborough, south-westward into Oxfordshire. nan Street crossed the northern ]>;trt of the county ; but its coarse is uncertain. There are remains of ancient camps at liurnham, Medmenham, West Wy- i| combe, and Eddlesborough. The latter is an exten- sive earthwork, within which is a large and lofty mound I called Kemble Castle, or Castle Hill, the traditional seat II of Cunobeline, a British chief. In the vicinity are the LTCS of Great Kemble and Little Kemble, the name n of which was anciently Kymbel, or CimoM. Other in- y twnchments exist at Dancsfield, Cholsbury, Hawridge,
- | and Iledgcrley Dean. There are no ruins of the baro-
nial custles, seven in number, formerly existing in this y; but the sites of three of them are marked by H of the earthworks surrounding them. These are ivendon, Oastlcthorpc, and Whitchurch. Twenty- religious houses were founded in this county ; but I most of them have entirely perished. The most exten- sive ruins are those of Notley Abbey, near Thome. The buildings, consisting of the great hall and part of the. cloisters, have long been converted into a farmhouse. Slight remains exist of Medmenham Abbey, Missenden Priory, and the nunneries of Ivinghoe and Burnham. At Ashridgp was a college of the Society of Bonhommes, which was afterwards made a royal residence, and was occupied by Queen Elizabeth. One only of the ancient hospitals is still in existence, that at Newport Pagnell. Eton College, founded by Henry VI., is in this county. Stewkley church is very ancient, and,a highly interest- ing and well-preserved specimen of Norman architecture.
- tme style is also exhibited in the churches at Han-
. Wing, Wycombe, Stanton Bury, Upton, Water- Stratford, and a few others. C'hetwode church, noted for its fine stained windows, and Hillesdon church, are good examples of the early English style. In the same are the churches of Cold Brayfield and Lilling- stunc Dayrell. The county contains many fine examples of the decorated and perpendicular styles. Ancient mansions exist at Gayhurst and Liscombe : 1he former remains almost unaltered as it was built in the reign of Elizabeth ; the latter has been modernised. At Boarstall is the gatehouse of an old castellated mansion. The principal modem seats of the nobility and gentry, which are numerous in Buckinghamshire, are the following : Stowe, the magnificent residence of the late Duke of Buckingham ; Bulstrode, near Beaconsfield, the seat of the Duke of Portland; Wotton House, that of the Marquis of Chandos ; Hampden House, of the Earl of Buckinghamshire ; Penn House, of Earl Howe ; Ash- ridge, of the Earl of Ellesmere ; Dropmore, of Lady Grenville ; Aston Clinton, of Lord Lake; Morton House, of Lord Godolphin ; Ditton Park, of Lord Mon- tague ; Lillies, of Lord Nugent, &c. The London and North-Western railway enters the county near Ivinghoe, and passes north-west by Bletehlcy and Wolverton, into Northamptonshire. There is a branch line to Ayles- bury from Cheddington Junction. Another branch mns from Bletehlcy to Bedford ; a third from Leigh- ton to Dunstable ; a fourth from Bletchley, through AVinslow, Claydon, Bicester, &c., to Oxford; and a fifth from Winslow, on the latter line, to Bucking- ham and Brackley. The Great Vstem railway crosses the southern extremity of the county from West Drayton to Maidenhead, with branches from Slough to Windsor and Uxbridge, and from Maidenhead to Thame. The Buckinghamshire railway, not yet completed, will connect Aylesbury, through Winslow and Brackley, with the Oxford and Birmingham line at Banbury. The Grand Junction canal enters the county near Marsworth, passing northward along the valley of the Ousel, through Fenny Stratford, to Newport Pagnell, and thcnco westward along the valley of the Ouse to Stony Stratford, where it enters Northampton- shire. Branch canals arc formed from Marsworth to Aylesbury and Wendover, and from Stony Stratford to Buckingham. The great road from London to Chester and Holyhead runs across Buckinghamshire from Brick- hill to Stony Stratford, coinciding with the ancient Watling Street. Another road crosses farther north from near Wohurn, through Newport Pagnell, to Barkley. The south comer of the county is crossed by the great road from London to Bath. The road to Oxford enters near Uxbridge, and passes north-west through Beacons- iield and High Wycombe, quitting the county near West Wycombe. Another road branches off from this at Eedhill, running through Amersham and Wendover to Aylesbury. The principal roads from the latter place are, northward, through Winslow to Buckingham, and thence to Brackley ; to Leighton Buzzard, Fenny Strat- ford, Newport Pagnell, and Olney ; eastward to Tring and Berkhampstead ; westward to Biccstor ; and south- west to Thamo and Oxford. This county gives the title of earl to the Hampden family. BUCKISH MILLS, a hmlt. partly in the par. of Park- ham and hund. of Shebbear, and partly in the par. of Woolfardisworthy and hund. of Witheridge, in the co. of Devon, 7 miles to the 8.W. of Bideford. It is seated on the S. coast of Bideford Bay. BUCKLAND, a par. in the hund. of Ganfield, in the cp. of Berks, 4 miles to the N.E. of Farringdon. It is situated on the S. bank of the river Thames, and con- tains the hmlt. of Carswell. The manor was held by the Do la Poles, dukes of Suffolk, from whom it passed, in 1545, to the Yateses, and in 1690 to the Throckmortons, who still hold it. The living is a vie. in the dioc. of Oxford, worth 310, in the gift of the Bishop of Glou- cester and Bristol. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a free school for boys and girls, founded in 1793, by Henry Southby, and further endowed by other per- sons, with an income of about 40 per annum. The other charities produce about 20 a year. The chief residence is Buckland House, the seat of Sir E. G. Throekmorton, Bart. It was erected in 1757, after designs by John Wood, of Bath. BUCKLAND, a par. in the hund. of Aylesbury, in the co. of Buckingham, 4 miles to the E. of Aylesbury. The living is a perpet. cur. annexed to the vie. of Stoke Man- devil'le, in the dioc. of Oxford. The church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, is a small ancient building, with a square tower. The Methodists have a large chapel, with Sunday-school attached. The parochial charities are of trilling value. The Aylesbury branch of the Grand Junction canal intersects the parish. BUCKLAND, a hmlt. in the par. of Thurleston, hund. of Stanborough, in the co. of Devon, 3 miles to the W. of Kingsbridge. It is seated on the coast of the English ( 'hnnnel. BUCKLAND, a par. in the lower div. of the hund. of Kiftsgate, in the co. of Gloucester, 6 miles to the S.E. of Evesham, in Worcestershire. Broadway is its post town. It is pleasantly situated on the Cotswold hills, at their northern extremity, and contains the hmlt. of Laverton. The manor was one of the possessions of the abbots of Gloucester, and was afterwards held by the Gresham family. The living is a rect. in the dioc. of Gloucester and Bristol, worth 222, in the patron, of Sir Thomas Phillips, Bart. The church is in the perpendicular style, and has a fine stained window of the 15th century. This parish participates with Chipping Campden in the benefit of the free school, founded in 1707 by Henry F. Thynne, the income of which, from endowment, is about 130 per annum. BUCKLAND, a par. in the hund. of Edwinstree, in the co. of Hertford, 2 miles to the N. of Buntingford. It 3 a
