CAMBRIDGE. 461 CAMBRIDGE. artin V. ill 1430. The supremacy of the Pope was renounced by the University in 1534, and its charters v-ore soon after surrendered to Henry VIII. They were estorcd in 1536. Of the numerous charters granted to he Uni vcrsity, the earliest extant may be seen in Dyer's ' Privileges of the University ; " some of these, however, re certainly spurious. Preceding grants were continued >y the great charter of Queen Elizabeth ; in the 1 3th year if whose rcijrn was passed the Act for the incorporation .f both the Universities. Under this statute the style if this learned society is "The Chancellor, Masters, uid Scholars of the University of Cambridge." The Icctiv franchise was first conferred by James I. in he first year of his reign, since which time the Uni- ersity has returned two members to parliament. The numbers of the Senate form the electoral body, and he vice-chancellor is the returning officer. The Uni- j -ersity constitutes a literary federal republic, compris- ng 17 colleges or halls, each of which is a corporation med by its own statutes, but bound also by the liirhcr law of the University. The colleges, substi- is at first for the old hostels, are supported by the ndowments of their founders and later benefactors. a college has a share both in the legislative and itive department of the University. The place of ,il)ly is the Senate House. All masters of arts ml of laws, doctors in divinity, civil law, or medicine, n'hosc names are on the college boards, or on the i "uiversity Register, have votes in the Senate, to which belongs the supreme legislative authority. This body till recently divided into two houses, or classes, urinated regents and non-regents. The former, or ipper house, was composed of masters of arts of less
- han five years', and doctors of less than two years',
standing, and was also called the white-hood house, from the white lining of the hoods worn by its mem- bers. The latter, or lower, also called the black-hood house, was composed of the masters of ails of above live years' standing. Liberty of voting in either house it pleasure was enjoyed by the doctors of more than .wo years' landing, and the public orator of the Uni- ity. Xov all members of the Senate vote as one body. An assembly of the Senate is called a con- EH^gation. There is a council, composed (under 19 & 20 .Viet., c. 88) of the chancellor, vice-chancellor, 4 heads df colleges, 4 professors of the University, and 8 other memli'Ts of the Senate. The business of the council is to consider and approve the graces, or projected laws, of the University, previous to their introduction ' " the Senate. The executive body of the University unsists of the following officers : the chancellor, usually i man of high rank, who presides over all cases relating .0 the University, and holds office for two years, or M much longer as shall be tacitly allowed; a high steward, to try cases of felony within the limits of the 1'niviT.sity, i.e. within 1 mile of the suburbs; a vice- chancellor, who (since the passing of the Act above mentioned) must be head of some college, and acts us magistrate for the University, town, and county; a commissary, who holds a court of record for all privi- leged persons and scholars under the degree of M.A. ; 1111 assessor, to assist the vice-chancellor ; a public orator, the voice and pen of the Senate on all public occasions ; two proctoi'S, masters of arts of three years' standing, or bachelors of divinity, who attend to the discipline and behaviour of the students, and keep the peace of the University, in which they are assisted by two pro-proctors ; a librarian ; a registrary ; two moderators, masters of arts, to superintend the general examinations for mathematical honours ; three t-suuire bedells, who attend the vice-chancellor ; a Uni- versity marshal, and some other officers. The Univer- sity has a revenue of about 5,500 per annum, derived from various sources, including fees of the scholars, the profits of the University printing-press, the value of Burwell vicarage, Ovington rectory (in Norfolk), an estate at Barton, &c. The whole is managed by the vice-chancellor, and the accounts are examined by audi- tors annually appointed by the Senate. The stipends of the professors are paid from the University chest, or by government, or from the estates with which the profes- sorships have been endowed. These are the following : Lady Margaret's Professorship of Divinity, founded in 1502 by Margaret Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., and foundress of St. John's College ; the Itegitis Professorships of Dii'inity, Civil Law, Physic, Grcik, and Hebrew, all founded in 1540 by Henry VIII. ; the Professorship of Arabic, founded in 1632 by SirT. Adams, Bart. ; the Lord Almoner's lU'adtr and Professorship of Arabic ; the LncasianPrufesxorshipof Matlwmatics, founded in 1663 by Henry Lucas, Esq. ; the Professorship of Ca- suistry, or Moral Philosophy, founded in 1683 by Dr. Knightbridge ; of Musif, founded in 1684 ; of Chemistry, in 1702 ; of Astronomy and .rprriniental Philosophy, founded in 1704 by Archdeacon Plume ; of Anatomy, in 1707 ; of Modern History, in 1724, by George I. ; of Botany, in 1724 ; of Geology, in 1727, by Dr. Wood- ward; of Astronomy and Geometry, in 1749, by Thomas Lowndes, Esq. ; the Xorrisinn frojexxom/iip ';/' Jlirinity, founded in 1768 by John Korris, Esq. ; the Professor- ship of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, founded in 1783 by the Rev. Richard Jackson ; the Downing Pro- fessorshipsofMcdicine'AnA. of the Laics of England, founded in 1800 by Sir George Downing, Bart. ; the Professorsliip of Mineralogy, founded in 1808, and endowed by the government ; that of Political Economy, in 1828 ; and the Disney Professorship of Archeology, founded in 1851 by John Disney, Esq. There are several endowed lectureships and preacherships, viz. : Lady Margaret's Preachership, founded in 1503 ; the Male Lecturer, who is annually appointed to deliver a single lecture in place of the Sarttaby Lectureship in Mathematics, a very ancient foundation, and the Jlarnaby Lectureships in Philosophy, Shetoric, and Logic, founded by Sir Robert Rede in 1524 ; the Sadlerian Lectureships in Algebra, 17 in number, founded about 1710 by Lady Sadler, which will shortly be amalgamated under a Sadleriau Professorship of Pure Mathematics ; the Hiilsean Christian Adt'ocatc and Lecturer offices endowed in 1789 by the Rev. John Hulse, for the defence of the Christian religion and the illustration of Scripture, from which the JIttlscan Profes- sorship of Dicin ity, was established in 1850; and some others. Boards of the various studies were appointed in 1848, for the purpose of deliberating and reporting from year to year on the state of the studies and ex- aminations in the University. The annual prizes of the University for the encouragement of learning amount to about 1,500 ; those of the separate col- leges to about 800. Three-fourths of the former, and one half of the latter, are given for the classics and English composition. In addition to these there are the following : two gold medals, worth 15 guineas each, given by the chancellor for the classics, and one for an English poem ; four prizes of the same val. for Latin prose composition, given by the members for the Uni- versity ; three, worth 5 guineas each, for a Greek ode, a Latin ode, and epigrams, given by Sir Edward Browne, Knt. ; the Person prize, for a translation from English dramatists into Greek verse ; two prizes, val. 25 each, for mathematics, &c., founded by Dr. Robert Smith; a gold medal, &c., val. 12, for an essay on some religious subject, given by John Xorris, Esq. ; a premium of 40 for a treatise on the truth of the Chris- tian religion, given by the Rev. John Hulse ; one of the same val. for an English poem, given by the Rev. Thomas Seaton ; the prize for an essay on some mathema- tical subject, founded in honour of the astronomical discoveries of Mr. Adams, of St. John's; the Maitland, Le Bas, and Burney prizes. The University scholarships are the following : five classical, founded by Lord Craven, the val. of which has been raised from 25 to 50 ; one classical, endowed by Dr. Battio, val. 40 ; one founded by Sir William Browne, val. 21 ; one classical, by Dr. Davies ; eight scholarships for sous of poor clergymen, endowed in 1810 by Dr. Bell; the Pitt scholarship; six Hebrew (three at first), endowed in 1817 by the Rev. Robert Tyrwhitt, those of the first class val. 30, and those of the second, 20 each ; and Crcsse's scholarship
