of Cache creek, in the Sacramento valley, were taken out for irrigation. In 1859, the waters of King's river were taken out and utilized for irrigation. These instances represent in general outline the commencement of irrigation in the State. Now we have in the neighborhood of 750,000 or 800,000 acres actually irrigated each year, and that represents what would ordinarily be called an irrigation area of 1,200,000 acres; and there are commanded by the works—reasonably within the reach of existing canals—an area of about 2,500,000 acres.
In the organization of irrigation enterprises there is great diversity. Commencing with the simplest form, we have a ditch constructed by the individual irrigator for his own use; we have then successively ditches constructed by associated irrigators without a definite organization, for the service of their own land only; ditches constructed by regularly organized associations of farmers, with elected officers; works constructed by farmers who have incorporated under the general laws of the State and issued stock certificates of ownership in the properties, for the service of the stockholders only; works where incorporations have been formed for the purpose of attaching water stock to lands that are to be sold, bringing in the element of speculation; then works where the organization has been effected with a view of selling water-rights; and finally, organizations that are incorporated for the purpose of selling water. There is a great difference between the principles of these methods of organization, and the practical outcome is a great difference in the service of water and in the duty of water furnished by them. In selling water, measurement of volume is made by modules—the actual amount of water delivered is measured—or it is sold by the acre served, or in proportional parts of the total available flow of the season.
The general character of the irrigation works of the State varies very much with the varying conditions under which it is practiced. In the San Joaquin valley, King's river, for instance, comes out of the mountains nearly on a level with the surface of the plain, cutting down not more than a few feet below its banks; and hence but little labor is required to divert its waters out upon the lands to be irrigated; but farther north, the Tuolumne, as another example, comes out of the mountains in a deep cañon, and the foot-hills extend far down the plain on each side. It is easily seen, then, that it will require a million or more dollars to divert from the latter stream the amount of water diverted from
