about a mile a day, that is to say, when water is used in irrigating the upper portion of the delta, or of Kern island, as it is called, the wells commence to rise a mile away in twenty-four hours, and five miles away in perhaps five days.
In the southern portion of the State, in San Bernardino county, at Riverside, we find no such effect at all. There it was 70 to 90 feet to soil water before irrigation and it is, as a general rule, 70 to 90 feet still. Water applied on the surface in some places has never even wet the soil all the way down, and wells dug there, after irrigation had been practiced for years, have pierced dry ground for 25 or 30 feet before getting down to where soil waters have wetted it from below. The consequences of these phenomena are twofold. In the first place, in the country that fills up with water, the duty of water—the quantity of land which a given amount of water will irrigate—has increased. Starting with a duty of not more than 25 acres to a cubic foot of water per second, we now find that, in some localities, this amount irrigates from 100 to 160 acres; and that some lands no longer require irrigating. In the southern portion of the State, however, the cubic foot of water irrigates no more than at first, and it is scarcely possible that it will ever irrigate much more. The saving, as irrigation goes on in the far southern portion of the State, will be effected chiefly through the better construction of canals and irrigation works of delivery and distribution. In Tulare valley, the duty of water will increase as the ground fills up.
In Fresno, a county which was regarded as phenomenally healthy, malarial fevers now are found, while in San Bernardino, at Riverside, such a thing is rarely known. Coming to Bakersfield, a region which before irrigation commenced was famed for its malarial fevers—known as unhealthful throughout all the State—where soil water was originally within 15 feet of the surface, irrigation has almost entirely rid it of the malarial effects. Chills and fever are rare now, where before irrigation they were prevalent. What is the reason that where chills and fever prevailed, irrigation has made a healthful country, while where chills and fevers were not known, irrigation has made it unhealthful? I account for it in this way: in the Kern river country before irrigation was extensively introduced, there were many old abandoned river channels and sloughs, overgrown with swamp vegetation and overhung by dense masses of rank-growing foliage.
