his pretensions, and were influenced by Arnold of Brescia, whom he caused to be put to death. He was on friendly terms with the Emiperor Frederick I., until his high notions of the papal supremacy, which he carried as far as even Gregory VII., led to the beginning of that long contest of the popes against the house of Hohenstaufen, which ended in the destruction of the dynasty. He was living away from Rome in practical exile, and was about to excommunicate Frederick when he died at Anagni, September 1, 1159. His most remarkable pontifical act was giving, in 1154, Ireland to Henry II., which he claimed he had the right to do because all islands which had been Christianized belonged to the Holy See. Consult: S. Malone. Adrian IV. and Ireland (London, 1899). His letters are in Migne, Pat. Lat., clxxxviii. — Adrian V., Pope July 12- August 18, 1276 (Otto buono de' Fieschi), and a cardinal-deacon when elected; he died before he had been consecrated a bishop. — .dri. Pope .January !), 1522, to September 14, 152.3. His family name was (probably) Dedel, his birthplace Utrecht (1459), his first teachers the Brothers of the Common Life; his professional studies were made at Louvain, and there he became professor of theology. He was appointed tutor to Charles of Hapsburg (the future Emperor Charles V.), 1507; was made Bishop of Tortosa, Spain, 1516; cardinal, 1517. Charles made him regent of Spain, 1520, but the Spaniards resented the rule of a foreigner and embittered his life. His troubles did not cease when elected Pope, but he inspired respect by his uprightness. He con- fessed to serious corruptions in the Church, but died before he could do anything for its reform. Consult the Lives by H. Bauer (Heidelberg, 1876) and by A. Lepitre (Paris, 1880).
A'DRIAN DE CASTEL’LO, or ADRIANO DI CASTELO, ii'dre-U'n,*) de kas-tOl'lA (c. 1460-c. 1521). An Italian scholar and ecclesiastic. He was born in Tuscany and went to England in the reign of Henry VII.. who made him his
agent at Rome and gave him the bishopric of Hereford (1502), whence he was translated to that of Bath and Wells (1505). He was made cardinal by Pope .Vlexander VI. (150:i). In 1517, however, he was implicated in the con-
spiracy of Cardinals Petriieci, De Sauli, and
Riario to poison Leo X. and was deprived of his
cardinalate and dignities in England (1518).
What became of him afterward is uncertain.
It is thought that he lived in retirement at
Venice and was murdered while on his way to
Rome after the death of Leo X. in 1521. His
writings include: Venatio, a poem (1505); De
Vera Philosophia (1507), and De Sermone
Latino et Modo Latine Loquendi (1513).
A'DRIANO'PLE (Gk. Ἁδριανούπολις, Hadrianopolis, the city of Hadrian, Turk. Edirneh) (Map: Turkey in Europe. F 4). A city of European Turkey, in ancient Thrace. It is situated on the Maritza (the ancient Hebrus), where that river is joined by the Arda and the Tunja, about 140 miles northwest of Constantinople, with which it is connected by a state railway line. Its position at the confluence of three navigable rivers, and at the meeting of several routes, makes it a place of considerable commercial importance. It was formerly fortified by a strong wall, of which only a few fragments are left. The place is now defended by an extensive circle of redoubts. Since the last Russian-Turkish war the town has been in a state of decline, and its commerce has fallen off to a large extent. It has two fine bazaars, a palace, numerous inns, churches, and schools. The population is about 80,000, about half of whom are Turks and the remainder Bulgarians, Armenians, and Jews. It is the seat of several European consuls. A very ancient town of Thrace, it was rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian, who gave it bis name. It was the scene of an important battle between the Goths and the Romans in 378 A.D., in which the former were victorious and broke through the Roman frontier, effecting a settlement within the limits of the empire. The city was conquered from the Byzantines by Amurath (Murad) I. in 1361, and was the residence of the Turkish sultans from that time down to 1453. The Russian general Diebitsch occupied Adrianople in 1829. By the treaty signed here on September 14 of that year Russia forced Turkey to relinquish to her the northeastern coast land of the Black Sea and to allow her to establish her sway over the tribes of the Caucasus; to cede to her the district of Akhaltsikh; to accord to her a protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia; and to recognize the independence of Greece. After the capture of the Turkish army defending the Shipka Pass, in January, 1878, the Russians entered Adrianople unopposed. The occupation of the city was followed by the cessation of hostilities and the conclusion of the treaty of San Stefano. Adrianople is the capital of the vilayet of the same name, with an area of about 15,000 square miles and a population of about 1,000,000.
A'DRIAN'S WALL. See Roman Wall.
ADRIATIC SEA, a'dri-atik or ad'rl- (From
the Etruscan city Hatria, modern Adria, at
the mouth of the Padus or Po). A large arm
of the Mediterranean Sea. separating Italy from
the Balkan peninsula, and communicating with
the Ionian Sea by the Strait of Otranto. It is
500 miles long, and about 130 miles in its great-
est width (Map: Italy, J 4). Its depth varies
from over 5000 feet near Durazzo at its southern
end, to only about 500 feet in the north. Its western coast is almost unbroken, while the eastern is lined with numerous rocky islands, belonging to Istria and Dalmatia. The main gulfs of the Adriatic Sea are Manfredonia on the west, Venice and Triest on the north, and Quarnero on the northeast. The only considerable rivers emptying into it are the Adige and the Po, and that accounts for the great salinity of its water. The most important commercial points are Triest, Venice, Fiume, and Brindisi. The navigation of the Adriatic is generally safe, although there are some dangerous points off the eastern coast. The commercial importance of the Adriatic Sea was greatly impaired by the opening of the sea route to India; but with the opening of the Suez Canal it has regained some of its former commerce. Consult: C. E. Yriarte, Les bords de l'Adriatique (Paris, 1878); G. L. Faber, The Fish and Fisheries of the Adriatic (London, 1883).
ADRIENNE LECOUVREUR, iVdri-Sn' le-kou'vrer'. The title of a five-act French drama by Scribe and Legouvé, based on the tragic history of the noted actress. (See Lecouvreur, Adrienne.) It was produced April 14, 1849.
ADRIFT'. Floating at random. The state of a boat, vessel, buoy, or other floating object which has parted or lost its lines or moorings and is driven about by the tide, sea, or wind;
