B. Titehener, Outlines of Psychology (New York, 1902).
APPREN'TICE (Low Lat. appreitficius, learner, from apprehendere, to grasp) . A person, generally a minor, lawfully bound to the service of another, in consideration of maintenance and instruction by that other in some art or trade. At present the apprentice system in England and in many of our Stiites applies chiefly to orphans or to the cliildren of paupers, and to some ex- tent in this country to minors who have been sent to houses of refuge or similar institutions for petty otfenses. It is regulated by statutes in most of our States, and their provisions must be strictly complied with, or the apprenticeship will be invalid. Ordinarily the consent of the minor, and of his father, mother, or guardian, is re- quired: the apprenticeship is limited to the age of 21 in the case of boys, and 18 in the ease of girls, and ceases upon the death of eithet the master or the apprentice. By section 4509 of the United States Revised Statutes, a boy who has attained the age of 12 years may be apprenticed to the sea service, with his consent and that of his parents, such apprenticeship to cease when he becomes 18 years of age. The Thirteenth Amend- ment to the United States Constitution, prohib- iting "slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime," it has been judicially declared, does not relieve an apprentice from doing service against his will. See Kent, Com- vientaries on American Law (fourteenth edition, Boston, 1896) ; Austin, The Law Relating to Ap- prentices (London, 1890), for the English laws; and the works referred to under the titles Con- tract; Master and Servant.
Apprentice, Naval. Apprentices are enlisted for the United States naval service between the ages of 15 and 17 to serve until they reach 21 years of age. Minors between the ages of 15 and 17 are not enlisted without the consent of their parents or guardians. The applicant must be of robust frame, intelligent, of perfectly sound and healthy constitution, free from all physical defects or malformation, and not subject to fits. He must also be able to read and write. In special cases, where the boy shows a general intelligence, and is otherwise qualified, he is enlisted, notwithstanding his reading and writing are imperfect. Upon enlistment boys are rated as third-class apprentices and receive $9 per month and one ration. After completing their tour of service in a cruising training-ship, if qualified, they are advanced to apprentices of the second class at $15 per month. After serving one year in cruising ships of war, if qualified, they are advanced to apprentices, first class, at $21 per month. Apprentices, first class, during the last year of their enlistment, may be given acting appointments as petty officers, third class, and if they serve the probationary period in the United States Xavy, they must be recommended to a permanent appointment previous to discharge. Upon the expiration of the enlistment of an apprentice he will, if recommended, receive an honorable discharge; and upon reenlistment within four months from date of honorable discharge he will receive four months' extra pay of his rating when discharged, a continuous service certificate, and an addition of $1.36 per month to his pay. When first received on board a training-ship apprentices are furnished, free of cost, with an outfit of clothing not exceeding in value the sum of $45. This outfit is furnished on the supposition that the apprentice will serve during his minority. Should he be discharged at his own request prior to the completion of his term at the training station and the first practice cruise, he must refund the value of the outfit. As soon as practicable after the apprentices are enlisted, they are forwarded to the naval training-station at Newport, where they receive instruction in English studies and in the rudiments of the profession of a sea- man, for the period of six months. At the termination of this period the apprentices are transferred to the cruising training-ships. There are three departments of instruction and training — seamanship, gunnery, and English, the last embracing reading, writing, spelling, geography, history, and arithmetic. There is also special instruction as buglers, carpenters, sailmakers, and blacksmiths. When apprentices are to be discharged their parents or guardians are informed, and ample time is allowed them to come themselves, or send means to defray the traveling expenses. The course of instruction on board the cruising training ships is of six months' duration. The instruction begun at the shore station is continued aboard the cruising vessels with an increase of practical work. When transferred to the regular service cruisers, the instruction is still continued, and the apprentices are regularly examined before being advanced in rating. Should the term of enlistment of an apprentice expire while he is abroad, he is to be sent to the United States as soon as practicable, unless he desires to reenlist.
APPROACH'ES (Fr. approcher, It. ap- proccidic, yi. Lat. appropiare, come near to, from Lat. ad, to 4- prope, near ) . A term used in the science of fortification, to describe the sunken trenches or passages constructed by an attacking force to cover and protect their advance on a for- tified position. Care is taken in the construction of approaches, which are usually in a zigzag course, to avoid enfilade or direct fire, particularly the former. The style of approaches built will de- pend altogether on the character and strength of the besieged, and the time available for the work. Generally, continuous lines of breastworks are built, parallel to the opponents' lines. If exca- vation is diflicult or impossible, breastworks of sandbags and gabions are built on both sides of the route. The most important examples of this branch of military strategy were those constructed by the French and English troops in the Crimean War of 1854. at the siege of Sebastopol. More recent instances are rare, owing to the great change that has taken place in the method of conducting modern warfare. See Fortification and Siege and Sieiie Works.
APPROPRIA'TION (Late Lat. approjrriatiu, a making one's own. from ad, to + propriiis, one's own). (1) The act of applying specific property to a particular use.(2) The act of reserving property for a designated use. In its first signification, the term is applied to unlawful acts, such as those of conversion (q.v.) or embezzlement (q.v.): and to lawful acts, such as the adoption of a design or symbol as a trademark, or the final setting aside of specific goods under an executory contract of sale (q.v.) for the purpose of transferring the title or ownership to the buyer. In this signification, also, it is used in the phrase appropriation of payments.
