ARTHUR'S SEAT. A hill 822 feet high in the immediate vicinity of Edinburgh, Scot- land, and supposed to have derived its name from King Arthur. It is a basaltic mass, an- alogous to those of the Palisades of the Hudson, though of lesser extent, which during Mesozoic time Mowed out as lava from a fissure in Car- lK]nif('rous rocks. Erosion through long time snliscquent to the period of outflow has resulted in the present form of the hill, which presents on its western and southern sides steep precipices. The hill was selected in 18.5.5 as a base for observations with a view to detei'mining the density of the earth.
AR'TICHOKE (It. arciciocco, dial, carciocco,
cfirri<.ff(} : S]i. alcii[r]chofa. from Ar. al-harshnf.
(il-lch(irshfif) . The true French or globe arti-
choke, Viiii'ini scoh/miis. is a thistle-like peren-
nial plant, now growing wild in the south of
Europe, but probably a native of Asia. The
genus Cynara belongs to the natural order Com-
posite and is distinguished by the bracts of the
involucre being fleshy at the base, and eniargi-
nate. with a hard point, and the receptacle
fringed. Ci/xara ncoli/nnis has the radical leaves
3 to 4 feet long, somewhat spiny; some of them
pinnatifid, some undivided. The stem is 2 or 3
feet high, branched, with large heads of violet-
colored (sometimes w-hite) thistle-like flowers at
the summits of the branches. The globe arti-
choke is prized as a vegetable, especially in
Europe. Though long known in the United
States, it has never become generally used. The
thickened receptacle and scales of the involucre
of the immature flower is the portion eaten. A
favorite method of cooking is to boil in salted
water, and serve with melted butter or a white
sauce. In Europe it is also eaten raw as a
salad. Several varieties are in cultivation, differ-
ing in the more or less spiny leaves, and the more
or less glolH)se form of the head. Artichokes are
generally propagated by rooted slips or suckers
in spring. These are planted in rows about 4
feet apart, and 2 feet apart in the row. The
artichoke bed continues productive for several
years. Seaweed is an excellent manure. The
Jerusalem Artichoke is a ditierent plant. Con-
sult: "Bur or Globe Artichoke," United States
Depart uioit of Agriculture Year Book, JSO!),
Circular .!/ (Washington, isnsi) ; L. II. Bailey,
CycloiKCilia of American Horticulture (New
York, 11100-02) : G. Nicholson, The Illustrated
Uistorij of Gardening (London, 1888) ; and see
AnTinioKE, Jerus.vij:m. For illustration, see
AKAri'AHIA.
ARTICHOKE, Jerusalem (Helianthus tuber-
osus] . A yellow-flowered perennial, with annual
stems G to 10 feet high, and underground shoots,
which are swollen into genuine tubers. In ap-
pearance the plant closely resembles the common
sunflower. The name .lerusalem is a corruption
of the Italian girasole, sunflower; and the name
artichoke conu's from the supposed similarity of
flavor of the tubers to the true globe artichoke.
(See preceding article.) The tuber is the
edible portion of the plant. The tubers are pro-
duced in clusters of thirty to fifty, close about
the thick, fleshy root. They are generally pear-
shaped and similar to potatoes^ in .appearance,
but not so smooth. There are white, yellow, red,
and purple varieties. The plant is prop;igated, as
are potatoes, by means of tubers planted in rows
'!<> to 3 feet apart, and 12 to 14 ini'hes distant in
the row. It grows on almost any well-drained soil
and is oftentimes planted on gravelly knolls or
mounds that would be too dry and poor for many
other crops. The crop matures in about five
months, and the tubers may be left in the groimd
over winter without harm; but if allowed to
freeze out of the ground they spoil rapidly.
Yields of 200 to 500 bushels per acre are com-
mon, and as high as 1000 or more bushels per
acre have been recorded. The tubers of Jeru-
salem Artichokes are frequently grown as a feed-
ing stuff'. Though useful for all kinds of stock,
they are generally fed to pigs, which are turned
in to gather the crop themselves. Like most
roots, Jerusalem Artichoke tuliers are succulent
— that is, have a high water content, some 78
per cent, on an average. In composition they re-
semble potatoes closely. Their principal nutrient
is starch, of which they contain some 17 per cent.
The tubers are somewhat used as food. A favor-
ite method of cooking them is to boil in salted
water until tender, and serve with a white sauce.
They are also eaten raw, pickled in vinegar. In
Europe alcohol has been manufactured from the
tubers. The leaves and stalks of the plant have
been somewhat used as coarse fodder, especially
for cattle. The drj' stalks are useful as fuel.
AR'TICLE (Lat. ((r(icw?H.s, a little joint). A
word which signifies in general a component part
of a whole, coifiplete, however, in itself. Thus,
we speak of the several articles of a confession;
the articles of war; a leading article, etc.
The use of article as a grammatical term arose
as follows: In such a sentence as, "He found that
(or the) man thai he was looking for," the
Greeks considered the defuiing particle as con-
necting the two parts of the sentence, and called
it joint (Gk. ap-&pov, arthron. Lat. artieulus) ; the
name was subsequently confined to the first of
the two, the other being called the relative. By
some grammarians the articles are included
among the adjectives.
In English there are two articles — the definite
the, and the indefinite o or an; and other modern
languages have corresponding words. But ar-
ticles are not essential to language. The Latin
had no articles, and the Greek, as well as the
oldest Germanic language, the JIa>so-Gothie, e.g., had only the definite article. The Slavic languages have no article, with the exception of the Bilgarian.
The definite articles originate uniformly in
demonstrative pronouns. Eng. the is only a
weakened ftn-m of the Anglo-Saxon demonstrative
se. The same is the case with the Ger. dcr; and
Fr. le. Ital. il and lo, and Sp. el, are all from
the Lat. ille. "that.' In like manner, an or a
is from the old forni of oiic (Jin) ; Ger. ein is
both one and a: and so are Fr. un, Ital. and
Sp. MHO, both from Lat. unus = one.
In the Scandinavian tongues the definite ar-
ticle is attached to the end of the word: the
Danish, for example, writes kong-en, the king;
hus-ct, the house. It is likewise appended to the noon in the Ruman ( Wallachian) , Bulgarian,
and Albanian languages.
ARTICLES, The Six. Articles often mentioned in the ecclesiastical history of England in the Sixteenth Century, and imposed by act of Parliament in 1539, when Henry VIII. being displeased with some of the bishops most favorable
