artillery to other artillery duties, as may be de- manded by the exigencies of service. All officers of artillery are placed on one list, arranged with regard to seniority in the several grades, and are assigned to Coast or Field Artillery, accord- ing to the demands of the service. Tlie Artillery Corps consisted, in 1001, of a chief of artillery, 14 colonels, 13 lieutenant-colonels, 39 majors, 195 officers in each of the grades of captain, first lieutenant, and second lieutenant; 21 sergeants- major of the first class, and 27 of the second class; 1 electrician sergeant to each coast ar- tillery post; 30 batteries of field-artillery; 126 batteries of coast-artillery, and 10 bands; a total of 051 officers, and 18,920 men, not including elec- trician sergeants. See Artillery, Army Organization.
ARTILLERY DIS'TRICT. United States.
In the reorganization of the artillery' arm of the
United States Army, efTeeted in 1901, the regi-
mental organization -was abandoned, and the
entire scacoast, inchiding Hawaii and Porto
Rico, divided into artilleiy districts, each in
charge, usually, of a colonel or lieutenant-colonel
of artillery, who is responsible for the fire-
control and artillery efficiency of his command.
The districts are merely tactical units and do
not interfere in any way with the administration
of the corps. There were in 1902 twenty-one
such artillery districts, each embracing from
two to seven forts, with a total of sixty-eight
forts or stations altogether. Two of the most
important districts are those of Eastern and
Southern New York — Forts Schuyler, Sloeum,
and Totten belonging to the former: and Forts
Wadsworth, Newton, Hamilton, and Hancock
(N. J.) to the latter. A similar organization
exists in England, with the added feature, how-
ever, that the district organization is nuide use
of for purposes of recruiting. See Army Or-
ganization; Artillery' Corps; Coast Artil-
lery ; and Coast Defen.se.
ARTILLERY SCHOOLS. The United States
artillery school, established at Fort Monroe, Va.,
constitutes an independent command, from which
all reports and returns are made to the head-
quarters of the army. It is governed by spe-
cial regulations, modified from time to time, as
may be necessary. The school consists of a com-
mandant, adjutant, officers detailed as instruct-
ors, and of the troops and enlisted men assigned
for duty or instruction. The commandant and
the heads of the departments, in addition to
forming the faculty, constitute a board of artil-
lery for the general service, to which questions
of professional interest can be submitted. Be-
sides the instructors, the student-officers are
usually attached to the batteries serving at the
post. Details for instruction are made first from
non-graduates of the Military Academy, who
have not already served at the school, and then
from graduates of the Militai-y Academy who
have not served at the school. The first artillery
school for practice was established at Fort ]Ion-
roe in 1S24, but was discontinued six years later.
A second attempt was made in 1S5S. but was
stopped by the Civil War. The school was
again started in ISO", but it was temporarily dis-
continued in 1S98, owing to the officers lieing
needed in .the field, etc., during the Spanish-
American War. It was reestablished in 1900, the
course being for one year, commencing September
1, and under the plan then adopted was intended
chieily for the recently appointed lieutenants of
artillery not graduates of the -Military Academy,
a considerable number of whom were admitted to
the army during and after the Spanish-American
War. Instruction is both theoretical and practi-
cal, and the course is closed by an examination
before a board of officers especially appointed for
the purpo.se. The curriculum includes the sub-
jects of ballistics and sea-coast engineering, elec-
tricity, mines and mechanisms, artillery, coast-
defense, chemistry, and explosives, special
courses including customs and usages of service,
property returns, correspondence, regulations,
etc. A branch of this same institution is the
school for electrician-sergeants, under the man-
agement of the oflicer in charge of the artillery
school.
Foreign Artillery Schools. France. Ger- many, England, and Italy have artillery schools, some of which have been established for over 200 .years. An artillery school was established in Venice as early as 1515. Louis XIV. established a school of application for the artillery at Douai in 1079. This was in 1802 transferred to Metz, where it remaiucd till the war of 1870. It is now at Fontainebleau. The artillery and en- gineering school of Prussia is at Berlin. The artillery and engineering school of England is at Woolwich. In some of the countries the artiller_y and engineers' schools are combined, but in most of the Kuro]iean States a separation of the two arms is made.
ARTILLERY TRAIN, A certain number
of cannon mounted on carriages, with all their
furniture, fit for marching. See Field Artil-
lery'; Army Organization; Artillery; Siege
Guns ; and Tactics, Military.
AR'TOCAR'PUS. See Bread-Fruit Tree.
ARTOIS, iir'twii' (from Afrehates, Lat. name
of a Gallic tribe). A former province of France,
bounded by Flanders and Picardy, almost corre-
sponding to the modern Department of Pas-de-
Calais. The capital of Artois was Arras. Louis
IX., in 1237, made Artois a county, and gave it
to his brother Robert, who was succeeded by his
son, Robert 11., who died in 1302. Afterwards it
passed into the control of Flanders and Bur-
gimdy, but was ceded to France by treaties in
1659 and 1078. It is a fertile district, yielding
grain and hops, and vegetables, with abundant
pasturage.
ARTOIS, Comte D'. The title borne by
Charles X. (q.v. ) before his accession to the
throne of France, and resumed by him after his
abdication.
ARTOIS, Jacques. See Arthois, Jacques.
ARTOT, iir'tu', Marguerite-.Jos£piiine-DesiREE Montagney' (183.5 — ). A Belgian mezzo-soprano. She was born at Paris, July 21, 1835, studied under Pauline Viardot-Garcia, and made her debut at Brussels in 1857. The next year she appeared at the Opera House in Paris, but left there to make a tour of France, Belgium, and Holland. Her success was inunediate. and
after 1800 she appeared in opera in London, Saint Petersburg, and the capitals of the Continent, her repertory including parts in operas by Mozart, Rossini, Verdi, Gounod, etc. In 1869 siie was married to the Spanish barvtone, Padilla.
