Judah (II. Chron. xxviii. 12). (7) Called also Abednego, one of the three men tlirown into the fiery furnace (Dan. i. 11).
AZAROLE, riz'iVrOl. See Cr.vt.egus.
AZAZEL, riz'a-zel'. A name occurring in con-
nection with the services on the Day of Atone-
ment (Lev. xvi. 8, 10, 26). Two goats were
taken by the high-priest, one of which was
slavightered. and the other, after the sins of all
Israel had been confessed over its head, was led
out l>y some one to the Wilderness and thrown
over the rocks. The symbolism conveyed by the
act is evident. All the sins of the people were
handed over to Azazel. This name appears later
in the Apoer-phal writings as the chief of the
angels who married human beings and begat of
them wicked men (Gen. vi.). Azazel was bound
bv angels and laid in the Desert, at a place Du-
dael. identilied by Schick with Bet-hudedun, a
chalky cliff near .Jerusalem, to await liis ]nuiish-
ment.' It ap])ears that the rite of Azazel is a
remnant of an ancient demon-worship, which
was changed and modified for the purposes of
the Levitical writers.
AZEGLIO,' .-id-ziVIyS, JIassimo Tap.4.relli,
Marchese d' (1798-1866). An Italian states-
man, author, and artist, the descendant of an
ancient and noble Piedmontese family. He was
born at Turin, October 4, 1798. After a brief
service in a Piedmontese cavalry regiment, which
ill-health forced him to abandon. D'Azeglio went
to Rome and devoted himself to art, winning an
enviable reputation in landscape painting. After
his father's death, in 18.30. he went to Milan, and
there made the acquaintance of Manzoni, whose
daughter he married. Through Manzoni he was
introduced into the literary circle of the day, and
soon afterwards made his debut in literature
with the patriotic novel Ettore Fieremo.ira
(1833), and Niccold dc' Lnpi (1841), which did
much toward fanning the national spirit in Italy.
The political ad'airs of Italy soon occupied him
exclusiveh', and called forth his famous attack
upon the Papal Government. DegJi ultin'i casi
di Romagnn, in which he strenuously urged upon
the Italian princes the necessity of a national
policy. After the election of Pope Pius IX.,
D'Azeglio went to Home, and to him are to some
extent ascribed the reforms with which Pius be-
gan his government. He took part in the cam-
paign of 184S against Austria, both in Londiardy
and in Venetia. and was severely wounded at the
battle of Vicenza. On the opening of the Sar-
dinian Parliament he was chosen a member of the
Chamber of Deputies, and. after the untortunate
battle of Novara. March 23, 1849, was intrusted
by Victor Emmanuel II. with the task of forming
a ministry, and his careful and shrewd policy,
especially toward France, won him at the time as
many enemies as later it gained him admirers.
He was succeeded, in 1852. by Cavour. .t the
close of the war, in 18.59, D'Azeglio was a))point-
ed yjro ^cm/^orc general and commissioner extraor-
dinary (purely military) for the Roman States.
He died January 15, 1866. Since his death,
Jj'Italie dc ISJp' a 1S(>6 : corrcspondanre poli-
lique de Massimo d'Azeglio (1866), and other
writings from his pen, including an autobiograph-
ical work, / miei ricordi. liave apiieared ( Flor-
ence, 1873). There have been published numerous
biographies of D'Azeglio. including those by
Camerini (Turin. 1861); (iiuliani ( I'lorcnce,
1866); Massari (Turin. 1867): Morozzo (Flor-
ence, 1884). Consult also Vismara, Bihliografiii
di Miissjiiw d'AzcyUo (Milan. 18781.
AZERBAIJAN, a'zer-bt-jan' (anciently, .t/ro-
pnlciir). (See Atropatexe. ) The rao.st north-
erly ]irovince of Persia, bounded on the south by
Persian Kurdistan and Irak, east by Ghilan and
the Caspian Sea, north by Russian Armenia, and
west by Turkish Armenia and Turkish Kurdistan.
It has an area of about 40,000 square miles. The
surface of Azerbaijan is very mountainous, many
of the ranges rising from 7000 to 9000 feet in
height. The peak of Savalan (an extinct volcano) reaches an elevation of 13.000 feet. Mount Ararat rises on the northwest border. The chief rivers of Azerbaijan are tlic Aras or Araxes, Kara-Su, and the Kizil-t'zen. The salt lake
Vrumiah (q.v.), the largest in Persia, is situated
in the western part of the province. The climate
of Azerbaijan is not unhealthful, but is very
unsteady. In the mountainous regions, the win-
ters are very severe, and in the lowlands the
sununers are "exceedingly hot. The principal prod-
ucts of Azerbaijan are rice, barley, wheat, maize,
.dax. hemp, cotton, tobacco, honey, and saffron.
Cattle-raising is carried on extensively by the
Kurds. The province is very rich in minerals,
and especially in marbles. Silver, copper, iron,
coal, and oil are also found. The population of
the province is estimated at 1,000.000. The bulk
of the natives are physically of the type of the
Persians of the Teheran-Ispahan country, but
speak a dialect of Turkish, offering a good field
for the study of race language phenomena. Ripley
(1899) considers the 'Azerbaidjan Tartars' to
have been Iranized by contact with the dolicho-
cephalic Aryans about them, while preserving
their primitive speech. It is possible, however,
that not a few Azerhaijanis are simply the de-
scendants of Persians wlio have intermingled with
the natives and adopted their language. The
capital is Tabriz. See Caucasian : Tatar.s.
AZEVEDO, il'za-va'do, Manoel Antonio
Alvare-s de (1831-.52). A Brazilian poet, born
at Sao Paulo. He studied law at the university
there, and afterwards published a volume of
poems, entitled I^i/ra dos riiite annos (5th ed.,
1884), which consists chiefly of elegies and dis-
plays a high degree of talent. His Obras were
first published in 1853; the Ohms completas ap-
peared in 1862 (3 vols., with a bioCTaphical no-
tice bv .1. Monteiro). Consult F. Wolf, Le Brc-
sil Jit'li'tiiirr (Berlin. 1863).
AZEVEDO Y ZUNIGA, ii'tha-va'Do e thnn'-
nye-ga, Gaspard de. Count of Monterey (1540-
1(306). Viceroy of Mexico and Peru (1595-1603).
He sent out several expeditions in California and
New Mexico for exploration and settlement.
Monterey, founded in 1596, and the Bay of
Monterey, were named in his honor.
AZ'IMUTH (Fr. raimut, from Ar. as-siimvt, a way or point in the horizon). In astronomy, the azimuth of a heavenly body is the angle measured along the horizon between the north or south point, and the point where a circle passing through the zenith and the body cuts the horizon. The word comes from the Arabic, and is said to be derived from a word signifying a quarter of the heavens. Astronomers usually measure astronomical azimuth westward from the beginning at 0°, and returning to it at 3(i0°. Thus, in northern latitudes, where the North
