legends, the traditions, the law and the annals of the Hebrews — all viewed from the position of post-exilie Judaism as finally established on the basis of Ezra's Code. See Ezekiel; Ezra; Jews; Pentateuch.
The name 'Babylonish Captivity' is also frequently applied in Christian Church history to the residence of the Popes at Avignon, from 1309 to 1376.
Bibliograhy. For the history, consult Wellhausen, Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte, 3d ed. (Berlin, 1897); Ewald, The History of Israel, translated by Martineau (London, 1869-74); Guthe, Geschichte Israels und Heilgeschichte (Leipzig, 1900); Piepenbring, Histoire du peuple d'Israël (Paris, 1898); also for the special problems connected with the return from the Captivity, Koster, Het Herstel von Israel (Heidelberg, 1895): Meyer (ed.), Entstehung des Judenthums (Halle, 1896).
BACACAY, ba-ka'kl. A town of the Philippines, in the Province of Albay, Luzon. It is situated on the Gulf of Albay, about 11 miles north of Albay, the capital. Population, 10,550 (Map: Philippine Islands, H 6).
BACALAO, balca-la'd. (1) A name applied
in the West Indies to a grouper (Myctcroperca
falcata) , also called scamp and abadejo, and
common in the markets. (See Grouper.) (2)
Eornierly this word was applied in Europe to
weather-cured codfish. "Among the Greeks the
large codfish were called bacehi, from bacchus, a
rod ... by the Iberians tlie dried cod were
called bacalaos from baculeum, a small stick.
The rod held by ilercury was called a baculeum"
(Brevoort, quoted in Goode's Fishery Industries,
See. 1, Washington, 1884, page 200). The term
is used in all the accounts of the early fishing
expeditions from Europe to the Banks of New-
foundland, and has long survived. A letter from
Madrid to The Remembrancer (London, 1776),
recounting discoveries on the coast of California,
mentions the taking there of "cod, known in
Spain by the name of bacallao."
BACARRA, ba-kar'ra. A town of Luzon,
Philippines, in the Province of Ilocos Norte. It is situated three miles north of Laoag. and has a population of 13,735 (Map: Philippine Islands, E 1).
BAC'CANAR'ISTS, or properly PAC'CANA'RISTS. The followers of Nicolao Paccanari. who founded in Rome, in 1797, a society similar to that of the Jesuits, which had been suppressed that year, and intended to carry on its work. So when the Jesuits were reëstablished in 1814 the Baccanarists were united to them. Their title was 'Regular Clergy of the Faith of Jesus.'
BACCARAT, ba'ka'ra'.
The chief town of a canton, Arrondissement of Lunéville, in the Department of Meurthe et Moselle, France, on the river Meurthe, 15½ miles southeast of Lunéville by rail. It is noted for its extensive plate-glass and crystal factories, an industry established in 1705. Population, in 1896, 6772.
BACCARAT, ba'ka'ra'
(Fr., of unknown origin). A game of cards, said to be of Italian origin, and to have been introduced in France in the time of Charles VIII. The game is played for money between one of the players, who is called the banker, and any number of others. Each of the face or court cards, in all countries except America (where the face-cards and tens have no value, and the naturals are 8 and 9), counts 10; in others, according to the number of their spots. Bets having been made, two cards are dealt by the banker to each player, including the banker himself, and if more than one pack of cards is necessary to deal round to all the players, more are used. Each player's aim is to make the value of his cards foot up the total of 9, 19, 29, or as near these totals as is possible. Any player has the privilege of standing, or remaining content with the two cards dealt to him at the outset by the banker, or he may call for more. When any player has a natural — that is, a sum making 9, 19, or 29 — he declares that it wins, and the banker has to pay all who hold hands of higher value than his own, receiving payment from all whose hands are inferior. The principal advantage in the game lies with the office of banker, which in social games is usually determined by cutting the cards. The banker retains his office until defeated by all the players in the same hand, in which event he surrenders the bank to the player winning on the highest hand.
BACCHÆ, bak'ke.
(1) A name given to the women companions of Bacchus in his journeys through the East, and to the female participants of the Dionysian festivals. They were crowned with wreaths of vine-leaves, wore fawnskins, and carried the thyrsus. (2) A brilliant play of Euripides, abounding in tragic situations and splendid spectacles. Its subject is the advent of Bacchus at Thebes, where Pentheus. with his mother and sisters, opposes the worship of the gods. In punishment the mother and sisters are made mad, and Pentheus, driven out into the mountains, is torn in pieces by them.
BACCELI, ba-chfl'le,
Guido (1832—). An Italian physician and statesman; born at Rome. He studied medicine at the University of Rome, where he later successively filled the chairs of medical jurisprudence, pathological anatomy, and clinical medicine. In 1874 he was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and in 1880 was made minister of public instruction. In the latter capacity, he projected a thorough reorganization of superior instruction in Italy; but his plans met with decided opposition, in consequence of which he resigned his portfolio in 1884. In 1890 he was made a senator, and subsequently, from 1893 to 1896 and from 1898 to 1900, again acted as minister of public instruction. His published writings include Patologia del cuore e dell' aorta (3 vols., 1864-67), besides clinical lectures on malaria and several other works on medical subjects.
BACCHANALIA, bak'ka-n.i'li-a.
See Bacchus.
BACCHANTES, bfik-kfin'tez
(Lat. nom. pl. pres. p. of bacchari, to celebrate the festival of Bacchus). Devotees of Dionysus (Bacchus), both men and women, who engaged in orgiastic worship of the god. See Bacchus.
BACCHIDES, brd<'ki-dez.
One of the comedies of Plautus, presented in B.C. 189. The early scenes are missing, having disappeared about the Fifth Century A.D.
BACCHIGLIONE, bak'ke-lyi-|'ne.
A river of Northern Italy, rising in the Alps. It flows eastward, traversing Vicenza, and after a course of about 80 miles, enters the Gulf of Venice. It is
