Ticknor, nislori/ of Spanish Literature (New- York, 1840) ; Lockhart, Ancient Spanish Bal- lads (London, 182;i).
For the Servian, Bowring, Scrrian Popular Poetry (London, 1S27).
BALLADE, ba'lad' (Fr., see Ballad). A
pdciii whioli consists of 3 stanzas of 8 lines, fol-
lowed l>y one of 4 lines (known as the 'envoy'),
or :i of 10 lines with envoy of .'>, eaeli of the
stanzas and the envoy closing with the same re-
frain. In the ballade of 8 linos there are but 3
rhymes, in this order: .'1, li, A. li, B, (', B, C;
the envoy repeats the last 4. The envoy is a
s])ccial feature of the ballade and chant-royal;
it was usually a form of dedication to a noble
patron, so that even in modern ballades it gen-
erally begins wth a vocative, as "Prince!' "Prin-
cess!' or the like. The ehant-royal is merely an
enlarged ballade, with 5 stanzas of 11 lines and
envoy of 5. While poems of undecided structui-e,
callcil rondeaux. and ballades, began to make
llicir appearance at the end of the Twelfth Cen-
tury, yet the ballade, as a strict metrical form,
is really due to Villon and Charles of Orleans.
Theodore de Banville revived this and other early
French forms about 1860, and' they have since
been successfully imitated in English by Swin-
burne. Andrew Lang, Austin Dobson, Edmund
Gosse, V. E. Henley, and others.
BALLADINO, biil'la-de'no, Anto.xio. .A
versiKer in Ben .Jonson's The Case is Altered,
whose motto is : "Tut, gie me the penny ; I care
not for the gentlemen, I." Jlunday, a contempo-
rary dramatist, is satirized.
BALLAGI, bol'lo-ge, M6r ( JIoniTZ ) , originally
BLOCH, I>16K (1815-01). A Hungarian philolo-
gist and theological author, born at Inocz, of
Jewish parentage. After completing his stiidies
at Budapest and Paris, he undertook a transla-
tion of the Bible into Hungarian, for the pur-
pose of Magyarizing the .Jews. Of this woi"k,
only the Pentateuch and the Book of .Joshua
were published (Budapest, 1840-43). Ho became
a Protestant in 1843, and thereafter studied theology at Tubingen. From 1855 to 1878 lie was professor of theology at Budapest. His philological works include: Aiisfiihrliehc theoretischprahtisehe Grammatik der un<iarisehcn Spraehe (1843; 8th ed., 1881); Voll'sliindifies Wrirter-hvch der unqarischen und deiitsehen Hprache ("2 vols., 1854-57: 6th ed., 1890): Sammlung
der mafinarischcn Sprichworter (2 vols., 1850;
2d ed.. 1855).
BALLANCHE, ba'laNsh', Pierre .Simon
(177U-1S47). A French writer on social theo-
ries. Among his works may be mentioned:
Antigone (1815); Essai sur les institutions
socialcs dans lenrs rapports aveo les idces nou-
velles (1818); Le vieiUard et le jeune homme
(181!)); L'homme sans nom — a novel (1820);
Palingenesie sociale (never completed), and
La vision d'Bebal (1832). The Palingenesie,
which he did not finish, was to be an exposition
of the workings of God in history, and is con-
sidered his greatest work. His system, termed
'Ballanchism,' attracted much attention. Bal-
laiiche was a meniljer of the circle gathered
around Chateaubriand and Madame ROcamier,
his platonic atlection for the latter forming part
of tlic literary history of his period.
BAL'LANTINE, James (1808-77). A Scot-
tish artist and poet. He was born in Edin-
burgh ; received instruction in drawing front
Sir William Allen, and was one of the first to
revive the art of glass-painting. He made the
stained-glass windows for the House of I^ords,
and in 1845 published A Tre{itise on Stained
Glass, which was translated into German. Two
volumes, The Gaberlnnzie's Wallet (ibi.i) and
Miller of Deanhaugh (1845), contain some of
his best-known songs and ballads.
BAL'LANTYNE, James (1772-1833) . A
Seotcli printer, born at Kelso. He studied at
Edinburgh L'niversity, and in 1790 became pro-
prietor and editor of the Kelso Mail. He pub-
lished Sir Walter Scott's Minstrelsy of the
Seottish Border, and in 1802, at Scott's advice,
set up a printing establishment at Edinburgh.
In 1808, he also became a member of the firm
of .John Ballantyne & Co., booksellers, and
from 1817 he edited the Weekly Journal. Not
only did he read the proofs of Scott's worka
for technical details, but oftentimes he profl'ered
criticisms which, as Lockhart testifies, led Sir
Walter to introduce important changes into the
treatment of a subject. Although not himself
responsible for the financial difficulties of Scott,
he w'as involved in the failure of Constable &
Co., and subsequently was retained by the
trustees of the creditors to conduct the literary
affairs of the printing establishment and to
edit tiie Weekly Journal.
BALLANTYNE, James Robert (1813-64).
A British (Jrientalist, born at Kelso, Scotland,
and educated at the College of Haileybury, Eng-
land. He was at first instructor at the Scottish
Naval and Military .Academy, but afterwards was
sent to India to take charge of the Government
Sanskrit College at Benares, with which institu-
tion, after 1S56. he was also connected as profes-
sor of moral philosophy. Upon his return to Eu-
rope, he was appointed librarian of the East
India Office. His primary aim, as embodied in
his works, was the elucidation of Oriental ideas
in such a way as to show their relation to
European science. His works include: The
Praetieal Oriental Lnterpreter : or. Hints on the
.irt of Translating readily from English into
Hindustani and Persian (1843); Catechism of
Sanskrit Grammar (2d ed. 1845) ; A Synopsis
of Science in. Sanskrit and English reconciled
with the Truths to be Found in the Nyaya Phi-
losophy (1856) — a work of genuine scientific
merit; Christianity Contrasted ivith Hindu Phi-
losophy (1S59).
BALLANTYNE, Robert Michael (1825-94).
A Scottish author, born at Edinburgh, a nephew
of James Ballantyne (q.v. ). In 1841-47 he was
in the service of the Hudson's Bay Fur Com-
pany in Rupert Land, and in 1848 published an
account of his experiences as, Hudson's Bay; or.
Life in the Wilds of North America. From 1856,
in his own words, he "lived by making story-
books for young folks." Of these he wrote more
than eighty, with much success.
BAL'LARAT'. The most important eomluercial centre, next to Melbourne, in the State of Victoria, Australia (ilap: Victoria, C 4) , It consists of the two municipalities of Ballarat West and Ballarat East, situated in one of the richest of Australian gold-fields, on the west and east banks of the Yarrowee Creek. It is 74 miles northwest of Melbourne, by rail. Its chief industries are those of the gold-mines, iron-foundries, woolen and (lour mills, breweries, and
