ing is extensively carried on for the metropolitan markets. The municipality is distinguished by its progressiveness, owns electric and gas lighting jilants, water-works, and wharf ; has provided ar- tisans' dwellings, cottage allotments, recreation grounds, public baths, and free library, and main- tains isolation hospitals and a cemetery. Its most notable edifice is the ancient and beautiful Church of Saint Margaret, and there are scanty remains of Barking Abbey, formerly one of the richest nunneries in England. It was founded in 670, by Saint Erkenwald, Bishop of J^ondon, whose sister. Saint Ethelhurga, w-as the first abl)ess. It was burned by the Danes in 870, re- l)uilt by King Edgar in the Tenth Century, and dismantled by Henry VIII. Population, in 1891, 14,300; in 1901, 21,500. Consult Burldng Town, Its Progress and Puhlic ^Yorks (London, 1897).
BARK'ING BIRD. See Guidguid.
BAR'KIS. A country carrier in Dickens's
novel, David Copperfield'. He marries David's
nurse, Peggotty, to whom he proposes by sending
her the message, "Barkis is willin'."
BARK LICE. See Coccid/e and Scale In-
sects.
BARKS'DALE, William (1821-63). A Con-
federate officer in the Civil War in the United
States. He was born in Tennessee, was educated
at Nashville University, studied law, and served
in the Mexican War. In 18.53-61 he represented
Mississippi in Congress as a pro-slavery Democrat, and upon the outbreak of the Civil War resigned his seat to take command of the Thirteenth Mississippi Volunteers. He was promoted to be brigadier-general, and fell at Gettysburg.
BARK STOVE. See Hothouse.
BARLAAM, biir'lii-jim (— e.l348). A learned
Italian monk. He was born at Seminaria,
Calabria, and entered the Order of Saint Basil.
He afterwards studied at Thessalonica, joined
the Greek Church at Constantinople, and wrote
his polemical Liber contra Primatum Papos.
He was sent by Andronicus III., in 1339, on a
diplomatic mission to Pope Benedict XII., to ob-
tain the assistance of Western Christendom
against the Turks. Failing in this, he returned
to Greece, and attacked the Hesychasts, or Quiet-
ists,of Mount Athos. At a synod held in 1341, the
Hesychasts were so skillfull}' defended that he
hastened to Italy, reentered the Roman Church,
and was appointed Bishop of Gerace. His prin-
cipal work is Ethica secundum Htoicos. Barlaam
was a man of great learning, distinguished as
philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.
Among his pupils was Petrarch.
BARLAAM AND JOS'APHAT. One of the
most widely spread religious romances of the
Middle Ages. It is a Christianized version of the
legendary history of Buddha, agreeing with it in
many details. The story is brielly as follows:
Josaphat was the only son of a heathen king in
India, named Avenier. In order to jjrevent the
fulfillment of a prediction that he would be con-
verted to Christianity, Josaphat was brought up
in close confinement under the care of heathen
teachers, and surrounded by every luxury. Being
visited, however, by a Christian hermit, Barlaam,
he learned of the strange faith and was bii])tized.
So great was his piety that he converted many
of his companions, and finally even his father.
On the latter's death he succeeded to the king-
dom, but soon after abdicated and went into the
wilderness. There he met Barlaam and lived a
holy life. The celebrated divine, .John Damas-
cene, was formerly regarded as the author of the
original Greek MS., which was first published
by M. de Boissonade in the fourth volume of his
Anecdota (Paris, 1832), and translated into Ger-
man by Liebrecht (Miinster, 1847). But even in
the Middle Ages, a Latin version of this romance
had been extensively circulated. About the end
of the Fifteenth Century, it was often printed in
a detached form, and later it apjjeared among
the works of John Damascene (Paris, 1609).
This theory of its authorship is no longer ac-
cepted. Vincent de Beauvais wove the story into
his Speculum Bistoriale. In a condensed form
the story appears in the Golden Legend of .Ja-
cobus de Veragme. From the Latin version
sprang three French poetical versions belonging
to the Thirteenth Century, and as yet unprinted.
The Italian Storia di »S'. Barlaam (latest edition,
Rome, 1816) may be traced to a Provencal
original as early as the beginning of the Four-
teenth Century. In Germany, Rudolf von Ems
derived his poem, Barlaam und Josaphat, first
printed at Ktinigsberg (1818), and later at Leip-
zig, from the Latin. There is also an Augsburg
impression of a prose translation of the ancient
Latin text, belonging to the close of the Fifteenth
Century. Barlaam and Josaphat appears in
Middle English, in both a prose and a poetical
version, the former edited by C. Horstmann. The
Spanish Historia de Barlaam y Josaphat, by
Juan de Arze Solorzano (Madrid, 1608), the
Polish poetical version, by Kulizowsky (Cracow,
1688), and also the Bohemian (Prague, 1593),
are all borrowed from the Latin; while the Ice-
landic Barlaums Saga, and the Swedish popular
tale, Barlaam och Josaphat, botli from the Fif-
teenth Century, have a German source. A Nor-
wegian version, printed from an old vellum MS.
of the beginning of the Thirteenth Century, said
to have been translated by King Hakon Sverre-
son, appeared in 1851. This romance has even
been rendered into the Tagalog language of the
Philippines, and there printed (Manila, 1712).
Consult: Liebrecht, Znr ^'olkskunde (Heilbronn.
1879) ; Max Miiller, Selected Essays (London,
1881) ; and H. Zotenberg, Notice sur le livre de
Barlaam et Joasaph (Paris, 1886).
BABLÆUS, biir-le'us, Kaspab, properly
VAN Baerle or Baarle (1584-1648). A Dutch
poet and historian, born at Antwerp. He studied
theology at Leyden, was appointed professor of
logic there in 1617, and in 1619 was deposed as a
partisan of the Remonstrants. In 1631 he was
called to the chair of philosophy and eloquence
in the Athenfpum of Amsterdam. He ))ublished
Poemata (1645-46), and Rerum per Octennium
in Brasilia et Aliii Nuper Gestarum Historia
(1647).
BAR-LE-DUC, biir'-le-duk', or BAR-SUR-ORNAIN, -sur' or'naN' (Fr., the duke's citadel. from Gael, harr, summit, projection, fort). The capital of the Department of Meuse, France, on the Ornain and the Canal de la Marne, 138 miles by rail east of Paris (Map: France, M 3). It is divided into three parts by the river and canal. Its chief buildings are the fine Fourteenth Century Church of Saint Etienne or Saint Pierre, a museum, lyceum, hospital, library, and a theatre. The manufacturing establishments include cotton and woolen mills, piano-factories, paper-mills.
