200 poamds. A barrel-of-butter.is 224 pounds; of
soft soap, 256 pounds; of tar, 2614 gallons.
BARBEL, Gun. See Ordnance and Small Arms.
BARREL BULK. A measure equal to five cubic feet, or one-eighth of a ton. It is used in estimating capacity for freiglits, 40 cubic feet being taken as one ton in estimating freight charges, where the latter are not liased upon the weight.
BAR'REL-MAK'ING MACHIN'ERY. See COOPEUAGE.
BARREL-ORGAN'. A musical instrument generally portable, in which the music is pro- diiced by a revolving barrel or cylinder, set with pins and staples, which open valves for admit- ting wind to pipes from a bellows worked by the same revolving cylinder. The pieces are played with an harmonic accompaniment. Bar- rel-organs are mostly used by itinerant musi- cians, and their repertoire is limited. The or- chestrion is a verj' large barrel - organ, estab- lished chiefly in restaurants, dancing-halls, and carrousels.
BARREL VAULT. An architectural term for a Clint inunus semi-circular vault, preferably called tunnel vault. See Vault.
BAR'REN IS'LAND. A volcanic islet in the Bay of Bengal, 60 miles east of Middle Andaman Island (Map: Burma, B 4). It is conical in shape, about 2 miles in diameter, and its cone rises to a height of 1158 feet. The volcano is in a semi-dormant state, emitting at intervals water and sulphurous gases.
BARREN MEAS'URES. See Carbonifeb- oi"S System and Coal.
BAR'RENNESS. See Sterility.
BARRES, ba'res', JMaurice (1862—). A French novelist, bom at Chai"mes-sur-Moselle. His early w'orks. Sous I'a-il dfs harbares (1888) ; Un Homme Hire (1889), and Le jardiii de Bere- nice (1891), are obscure, uneven, and deca- dent, seeking to represent a state of mind re- pelled alike by the naturalism of Zola and the altruistic sentiment of the Xeo-Catholic reaction, and manifesting, rather, a morbid search for sin- gularity and the national love of system. In his later work, especially in Les dcracines (1897), Barr&s works himself out of aristocratic dilettan- tism and writes the 'romance of national energy,' urging young men to remain in the provinces and build up national traditions. He preaches the gospel of brotherhood as eagerly as he did that of egotism, and perhaps as earnestly.
BAR'RETT, Benjamin Fisk (1808-92). An American Swedenborgian minister. He was born in Maine, and graduated at Bowdoin in 1832, and at Harvard Divinity School in 1838. He was pastor of the First New Church (Swedenborgian) in Xew York from 1S40 to 1848. at Cincinnati from 1848 to 18.50, and at I'liiladclphia from 1864 to 1871. There he also edited the Xew Church Monthly. His works include a Life of Swedenbory (1841) ; Lectures on the New Dis- pensation (1878) : Letters on the Divine Trinity (1873) ; The Golden Reed (1855) ; A New View of Hell (1880), and editions of Swedcnborg's writings.
BARRETT, Lawrence (1838-91). An Ameri- can actor, born at Paterson, N. J. For a time he worked in a dry-goods shop at Detroit, Mich., and in that city, in 1853. as Murad in The French Spy, made his first stage appearance. In 1857- 58, at Xew York and Boston, he supported Ed .,iu Booth, E. L. Davenport, and other pr^aiinent players. In 1861 he enlisted in the Federal Army as captain in the Twenty-eighth ilassacliusetts 'ohmteer Infantry. Subsequently he became the leading member of Edwin Booth's company during a remarkable series of performances at the Winter Garden, New York City. For several years he managed, with heavy pecuniary loss, the Varieties Theatre, New Orleans, La., but in 18C9-70 won brilliant artistic and financial success as co-partner with John McCullough of the California Theatre, San Francisco, At Booth's Theatre, New York City, he appeared in 1875 as Cassius and the King, in magnificent revivals of Julius Ccvsar and King Lear. In 1884 he was favorably received during a brief visit to England, From 1887 until his death, he was associated with Edwin Booth in one of the most significant enterprises in the history of the American drama. His greatest part was that of Cassius; but he was likewise highly effective as Hamlet, King Lear, Shj-lock, Richelieu, Lanciotto, and the Man o' Airlie. In general, it may be said that his work was marked by fine conscientious- ness and high intellectual force, although not credited by the critics with the touch of dis- tinctive genius displayed by his co-worker. Booth.
He was an energetic manager, did much to en- courage dramatic authorship, and wrote a dis- criminating and very readable Life of Edwin Forrest (1881).
BARRETT, William Fletcher (1844—). An English pliysicist. born in .lamaica. West Indies. From 1862 to 1866 he was assistant to Pro- fessor Tvndall at the Royal Institution, London ; in 1867 was appointed instructor in science at the International College; in 1869 lecturer in phys- ics at the Royal School of Xaval Architecture, and in 1873 became professor of experimental physics at the Royal College of Science, Diblin. He helped found, in 1882, the Society for Psychical Research, whose purpose was defined as "an organized attempt to investigate that large group of debatable phenomena designated by such terms as mesmeric, psycliical. and spiritualistic." In 1885 he established in the L'nited States a branch of the society. He is known for original investigations in magnetism and radiant heat, which include discussions of the contraction of nickel by magnetization, sensitive flames, and the recalescence of iron. His publications, in addition to numerous contributions to the Philosophical Magazine and other periodicals, include Lessons in Science (1880); A Monograph on the So- called Divining Rod (1897-1900); Early Chap- ters in Science (1899) ; and valuable reports in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Dublin.
BARRETT, Wilson (1846-1904) . An English actor, manager, and playwright. He was born in Essex, February 18, 1846. and went upon tlie stage at Halifax in 1864. After playing in difi'erent provincial towns, he was for a time manager of the Amphitheatre, at Leeds, and of other playhouses. In 1879. three years after lii-^ first appearance in London, he took the management of the Court Theatre there, the next year securing Madame ilodjeska for her first English appearance. He became manager of the Prin-
