of Cassation at Paris. soon acquiring a high rcpulation as an eloquent pleader, liecoming one of the most influential leaders of the Liberal opposition. He was president at this time of the Society Aide-toi (q.v.). After the Revolu- tion of 1830 he was appointed prefect of the De- partment of Seine, and in Lafayette's minis- try a member of the Council of State. In a few months, however, he resigned his office of prefect. and deelined the post of Ambassador at Constan- tinojile. ottered liim by Louis Philippe. After Casimir-Perier became Jlinister he also lost his place in the Council of State. He now began his cai-eer in the Chamber of Deputies as the leader of the so-called "djTiastie opposition,' and became the hope of all who desired the carry- ing out of the principles of the July Revolu- tion. He essentially contributed to the removal of the Doctrinaires (q.v.) from office, in Febru- ary, 1836, and energetically opposed the ministry of' Jlole, even supporting the doctrinaires in accomplishing its overthrow, in 1839. The same year he visited England and Scotland. When.'in 1840, Thiers was placed at the head of the Government, Barrot for the first time de- clared himself in favor of the ministerial policy op the Eastern Question. On the return of Guizot to office, his opposition to the Govern- ment was renewed. Taking a conspicuous part in the reform movement of 1847, he attended several of the provincial reform banquets which preceded the Revolution of 1848. On the out- break of the struggle of February 23, when Louis Philippe called upon Thiers to form a new ministry, Barrot was appointed president. His advice to the King to withdraw his troops proved fatal to the tlinjne of July. In the last sitting of the Chamber of Deputies, Barrot supported the claim of the Conite dc Paris to the throne, and the regency of the Duchesse d'Orleans. L'nder the Presidency of Louis Napoleon he was for some time a minister, and conducted the Government with sviccess till October 31,1849, when he retired from active political life. He accepted no office under the Second Empire, but took part in the conference in favor of Poland, held at Paris in 1804. In 1872 he was made a Councilor of State and Vice-President of the Council. Con- sult his Mcinoires posthumes (Paris, 1875-77).
BAR'ROW. A term applied to several geo-
graphical ]ioints in honor of the famous traveler.
Sir John Barrow (q.v.). The" most important of
these are Point Barrow, in latitude 71° 23' N.
and longitude 156° 31' W., marking the north-
ern e.xlremity of America : Barrow Strait, a
channel extending from latitude 73° 45' to 74°
40' N., with an average breadth of 40 miles
(Map: North America. .12). It is a continua-
tion of Lancaster .Sound, connecting Baffin Bay
with Melville Sound. It was discovered bv Parry
in 1811).
BARROW. An important river in the
southeast of Ireland (Map: Ireland, E 4). It
rises in the Sheve Bloom Jlountains, and after
a short flow eastward, turns south and con-
tinues to flow in the same direction to the
Atlantic, where it forms, in conjunction with
the Suir (q.v.), the Waterford Harbor. Its
entire length is about 120 miles, and it is
navigable for 300-ton steamers as far as New
Eo-ss, about 25 miles from its mouth. Barges
ascend as higli as Athv, where the Barrow is
connected with the Grand Canal. Its principal
tributary is the Nore.
BARROW. An artificial mound of earth or
stone, usiuiUy erected as a sepulchral monument
or tumulus, common in Great Britain. See
EuBoi'E, Peoples of.
BARROW, or BARROWE, Henry ( ?-1593).
An English Church reformer. He took a B.A.
degree at Cambridge in 1570, became a member
of Gra3s Inn in 1576, was interested by John
Greenwood in Church reforms, and influenced
by the works of Robert Browne, founder of the
Brownists. In 1586, while studying theology,
he visited Greenwood in the Clink Prison, and
was thereupon seized. He was three times exam-
ined by the ecclesiastical authorities, and with
Greenwood was imprisoned in the Fleet. In col-
laboration w'ith Greenwood he wrote several
tracts and books. He also published the interest-
ing Brief Discourse of the False Church (1590).
With Greenwood he was, in 1593, indicted for
various alleged offenses, and hanged at Tyburn.
By many he has been regarded as one of the
founders of Congregationalism. For an exposi-
tion of this view, consult H. M. Dexter, Congre-
gationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years as
Heen in Its Literature (New York, 1880).
BARROW, Cape. See Barrow.
BARROW, Xs.AC (1630-77).. An eminent
English theologian and mathematician. He
was born in London and was educated at the
Charterhouse and the L^niversity of Cambridge.
Although he acquired fame in several distinct
lines, it is as a mathematician, perhaps, that he
made his greatest success. He was appointed
professor of geometry at Gresham College in 1662,
and in the following year wasmade Lucasian pro-
fessor of geometry at Cambridge. He resigned
the latter appointment in 1669 in favor of his
pupil, Isaac Newton. In 1072 he became master
of Trinity College, and to his efl'orts is due the
foundation of the valuable library of that insti-
tution. In 1675 he w-as nominated vice-chancel-
lor of the university. He died two j'ears later at
the age of forty-seven. Of his original mathe-
matical works, the principal are his Le<-tiones
Geometricw (London, 1669) and Lcctiones Op-
ticce (Cambridge, 1674). Noteworthy are also
his Euclidis Elementa (1655); Archimedis Op-
era (1675); and Apollonii Conicorum lib. ic.
(1675). A Latin edition of his mathematical
works, some of which exist also in English
translations, was pi'epared in 1860 by Wlie-
well. The best edition of the Theological Works
of Barrow, including his Latin poems and
a notice of his life by Whewell, has been pre-
pared by the Rev. A. Napier (9 vols., Cambridge,
(1859)." The Davy Jlanuscripts in the British
Museum contain another excellent biography of
Barrow. The mathematical' contributions of Bar-
row paved the way for the introduction of the
differential calculus, his treatment of tangents
approaching closelj- the methods of the fluxion-
al calculus of Newton. In another field, his
Treatise on the Pope's Supremacy (posthumous)
is generally recognized as one of the very best
works of its kind; and no less celebrated are his
sermons.
BARROW, Sir John (1764-1848). An English traveler and writer, born at Ulverston. At an early age he devoted himself to the study of mathematics and astronomy. He visited Green-
