work. He engraved "Clytie" after Carracei, Carlo Dolci's "Jlater Dolorosa," and many of the works of Angelica Kautrniann. He also contrilmted to Boydell's .Shakespeare gallery. He was excellent as a line engraver, but still more a master of stippling, his most character- istic method, and of etching. In 1S02 Bartolozzi was called to superintend a school of engraving in l-ishon, and he remained in Portugal until his death. Consult Tuer, Bailolozzi and his U'oi7.s (London, 1882).
BAR'TOLUS, Osso, or BARTOLUS A SAX-OFERRATO (1314-57). A celebrated Italian jurist, professor of civil law in the University of Perugia, and the most famous master of the dialectical school of jurists, the Pastglossators, also called after him, the Bartolists. His influence on the progress of legal science was considerable, and he won great rei)utation by his lectures and writings ; among the latter are treatises On Procedure, and On Evidence, and a Commentary on
the Code of Justinian (1588-89). His magnifi-
cent monument in the Church of San Francesco
at Perugia bears simply his name.
BARTON, bai-'ton, Andrew (? — 1511). A
Scottish naval commander, who in 1506 com-
pletely cleared the coast of Scotland of the
Flemish pirates who had infested it. He is said,
on this occasion, to have packed the heads of the
slain in three barrels, which he sent to King
James in evidence of the effectual manner with
which he had executed his task. In 1508 he was
sent to the assistance of Denmark in the war
with Liibeek, but somewhat later was accused
of piracy, and after a desperate naval battle
was killed in an encounter with Sir Thomas and
Sir Edward Howard, who had been sent out by
Henry VIII. to capture him. His ship. The
Lion, was brought as a trophy to the Thames,
and became the second man-of-war in the English
Navy: the first vessel of this kind to be con-
structed having been the Great Harry (1504),
The defeat of the celebrated mariner is com-
memorated in the old ballad of "Sir Andrew
Barton."
BARTON, Bexjamijt Smith (1766-1815). An
American naturalist. He was born at Lancas-
ter, Pa.; studied at Philadelphia, London, Ed-
inburgh, and Gottingen, and was professor of
natural history, botany, and materia medica
in Pennsylvania College, now the University
of Pennsylvania. Besides many papers in the
philosupliical and medical journals, he pub-
lished Observations on Some Parts of Xatural
History (1787) ; Xew Views of the Origin of the
Tribes of America (1797); Elements of Bot-
any (1812-14); Collections Toward a Materia
Medica of the United States (1810) ; and other
medical works.
BARTON, Bernaed (1784-1849). An Eng-
lish poet, sometimes called 'the Quaker Poet.' He
was born at Carlisle, January 31, 1784. In 1810
he became clerk to a banking house at Wood-
bridge, where he remained till his death. His
first volume of verse. Metrical Effusions (1812),
brought him into correspondence with Southey.
Poems by an Amateur ( 1818 ) , and Poems ( 1820) ,
increased his reputation and gained him the
friendship of Lamb. Xapoleon and Other Poems
appeared in 1822, and was followed within five
years by several other productions. All the
poems of Barton are pervaded by pious senti-
ment, and some passages display much natural
tenderness and religious fen'or; but he is, on
the whole, rather a fluent, pleasant versifier than
a poet. So early as 1824, a reading club founded
by him in Woodbridge collected the sum of £1200
and presented it to him. Some year's before his
death he received, through Sir Robert Peel, a
pension of £100. Among his later works are:
Fisher's Juvenile Scrap-book ( 1836 ff.) ; The Reli-
quary (1836); and Household X'erses (1845).
He died February 19, 1849. Consult: Barton,
Poems and Letters, ed. L. Barton, with r memoir
by E. Fitz Gerald (London, 1849) ; and Lucas,
Bernard Barton and His Friends (London,
1894).
BARTON, Clara (1830 — ). An American
philanthropist. She was born at Oxford, Mass.,
was a teacher in early life, and the founder of
various free schools in New Jersey. In 1854
she had a clerkship in Washington, but resigned
at the beginning of the Civil War and went- into
hospital service. After the elo.se of the war she
originated and carried on, at her own cost, a sys-
tematic search for missing soldiers. Gfoing to
Europe for her health, she was assistant to the
Grand Duchess of Baden in establishing hospi-
tals in the Franco-German War, followed the
German Army, and vms honored with the Gold
Cross of Baden and the Iron Cross of Germany.
By her efforts the American Red Cross Society
was foi-med, 1881, and she became its president.
In 1883 she was appointed superintendent and
steward of the reformatory prison for women at
Sherboi-n, Mass. In 1884 she represented the
United States at the Red Cross Conference and
at the International Peace Convention, lioth held
in Geneva, Switzerland. She personally superin-
tended relief work among the Armenians in 1896,
in the Spanish-American War of 1898, and in the
Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. She is the author
of History of the lied Cross (1883), and History
of the Red CrosS' in Peace and War (1898).
BARTON, Elizabeth ( 1.506 ?-34), An English impostor, commonly known as the 'Holy
Maid,' or 'Xun of Kent.' She was born, according to her statement, in 1506. About 1525 she
was employed as a tavern servant at Aldington,
where she developed religious mania after a
severe nervous illness. In prolonged trances she
"told wondrously things done in other places,
whilst she was neither herself present nor yet
heard no report thereof." The fame of these revelations spread, and Archbishop Warham sent
two monks to examine her. One of these, Edward Booking, or Bockling, saw in her abnormal
faculties an opportunity for increasing the prestige of the Roman Catholic religion. He influenced and instructed her, and by assumed 'prophecies' she deceived persons of all ranks, and men
of intellect, including even the Archbishop and
Sir Thomas More. In 1527 she became a nun
at Canterbury, and in 1532 inveighed against
Henry VIII. 's intention to divorce Queen Catherine, predicting his death within a month of
his remarriage. This excited the King's wrath,
and she lost popular confidence by the non-fulfillment of her prophecy. She was arrested,
underwent rigorous examinations, and ultimately
confessed that her visions and sayings were
'•feigned of her own imagination only, to satisfy
the minds of those which resorted to her, and to
obtain worldly praise." With Bocking and four
