BARY, hli're, Heinricii Anton de (1831-88). A Germaif botanist, born at Frankfort-on-the- Main. He studied medicine at several univer- sities and spent some time in private practice at Frankfort, but soon began to devote himself entirely to botany. In 1854 he was appointed decent of botany at Tiibingen, and in 1850 he was made full professor of botany at Freiburg. He afterwards filled similar posts at Halle and Strassburg. His published writings include a number of valualjle works on algae and fungi. He was also for many years co-editor of the Botanische Zciluiig. Among his principal works may be mentioned: Veher die Keimung der Ly- copodien (1858); Prosopanche Burmeisteri, eine neue Hydnoree aus Siidainerika (1868); Ver- gleichende Anatomie der Yegetationsorgane der Phanerogamen vnd Fame (1877) ; Vorlesungen iihrr Bnhterien (1887).
BARYATINSKI, bar'ya-ten'ske, Alexander
IvANOviTcn, Prince (1815-70). A Russian field-
marshal. He was educated with the Crown
Prince Alexander ( Alexander II. ) , and after
1835 .served in the Caucasus, where his suc-
cesses against the Caucasian leader, Shamyl,
during the campaigns of 1850 and 1851, resulted
in his promotion to the rank of lieutenant-gen-
eral (1852). After the accession of Alexander
II. he received chief command of the Army of
the Caucasus (185(3). and after directing three
successful Campaigns led the storming of Ghunib
(1850), where Shamyl was captured. In recog-
nition of these services, he was appointed field-
marslial, bvit owing to ill-health was compelled
to retire soon afterwards.
BARYE, ba're', Antoine Louis (1705-1875).
A celebrated Freneli sculptor. He was born in
Paris, September 24, 1705. He inherited his
ai'tistic gift from his father, who was a proficient
silversmith from Lyons. He began his practice
of art by worl-cing with an engraver and a gold-
smith. He was conscripted in 1812, and during
his service is said to liave modeled several relief
maps for the Cioveriuiient. He turned his atten-
tion to sculpture in 181(i, when he studied mod-
eling imder Bosio and drawing under Gros. In
1810 he tooli a second prize at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts, and a little later began devoting
himself to the study of animals; and in this
braneli of sculpture he acliicvcd fame. In the
Salon of 1831, Barye exhibited his famous "Tiger
Tearing a Crocodile." Sometimes rejected by
the jury, and not receiving the recogniticm by his
fellow artists that be believed his due, Barye
ceased sending to the Salon, and gave himself
finally to the production of bronzes for com-
merce. By this, through public appreciation,
which was not lacking for his work, lie raised
this industry to the plane of art, and it is
through these little masterpieces that he is most
widely known. The posthumous exhibition of
his drawings at the Beaux-Arts Avas the talk of
Paris for the wonderful accuracy and research
displayed in the studies of the anatomy, charac-
ter, an<l movenients of the various animals which
he represented. Some of his work is heroic in
size, and ornaments public parks in France. The
architect of the Louvre cmploj-ed him to make
four groups for the pavilion on the Place du
Carrousel. Barye received many honors — was a
nieniljer of the Institute, artist at the Jardin
des Plantes, and an officer of the Legion of
Honor. Some of his bronzes adorn Mount Ver-
non Place, Baltimore. He died in Paris, .June
25, 1875. Consult the works of Alexandre
(Paris, 1880), De Kay (New York, 1880), and
Ballu (Paris, 180U).
BARY'TA. See Barium.
BARYTON, ba're'toN' (It. viol di hordone) .
A bow instrument popular in the Eighteenth
Century, but now obsolete. Of the size of a
cello, it was really the bass in the viola d'amore
family, and resembled the viola da ganiba in
tone. It had a broad finger-board, with 7 gut
strings, and under the neck there were 16 strings
of brass wire. These acted "sympathetically,' or
were touched with the point of the thumb.
BAR'YTONE, or BARITONE (Gk. paph,
barys, heavy, deep + rdvos, toiios, tone). That
species of the male voice which lies between the
bass and the tenor, but is, in quality or tone-
character, more like the former. Its compass is
G to F sharp, and composers assign to it parts
that are characterized by manly vigor, power,
and solidity. Barytone further means a singer
possessing the barytone voice. Barytone clef, in
musical notation, means the now obsolete F clef
on the third line.
BARZILLAI, bar-zil'Ia-I. The Duke of
Ormond, in Dryden's satire, Absalom and Achi-
tophel. He assisted Charles II. in exile in
much the same Avay that Barzillai helped David
after the latter had been expelled bv Absalom.
BAS, biis. or BATZ. An island of the Depart-
ment of Fiiiist6re, France. 2'o miles distant'
from the north coast, in the English Channel.
It is about 3 miles long and 2 miles broad; is
defended In' two forts and four batteries, and
has a lighthouse at an elevation of 212 feet.
Kernoc Haven affords good anchorage. It is
inhabited by fishermen, and contains three vil-
lages. Population, in ISOfi,^ 1280.
BASALT' (Lat. basalte's, an African word).
A volcanic rock of basic composition, character-
ized by a porphyritie texture, and having
generally one or more of the feldspathoid min-
erals, lime-soda feldspar, nephelite, or hnieite,
associated with pyro.xene or hornblende, and
magnetite or ilmenite; frequently also with oli-
vine. According as one or the other of these
minerals predominates, the chemical composition
varies between wide limits, so that an average
for basalt would have little significance. Ba-
salts are distinguished as olivine basalts, nephe-
line basalts, leucite basalts, or as basalts proper,
when containing as essential constituents only
lime-soda feldspar and pyroxene or hornblende.
The terms dolerite, aiianiesite, and basalt were
used to distinguish basalts of coarse, medium,
and fine grains, respectively; but since the in-
troduction of the petrographical microscope has
made accurate rock-study possible, these terms
have fallen into disuse, and others, describing
the intimate texture of the rocks as revealed by
microscopic study, have taken their place. In
the preliminary study in the field, however, they
liave still some value for cartographical pur-
poses.
Basalts are in all cases the products of consolidation of molten magmas, and generally of lavas which were poured out at the surface of the earth. In contrast with rhyolites and trachytes, which in their genesis they resemble, basalts, when molten, flow as comparatively thin fluids, which travel rapidly down a slope, and on
