Popes -wore beards, are obliged to shave — an exception being made in the case of missionary orders and of a few individuals who receive special permission for reasons of health. Those of the Greek Church have constantly worn full beards since the middle of the Ninth Century. As a general rule, the wearing of beards is pro- hibited by army regulations, while encouraged in the navy; but climatic conditions or assign- ment to exceptional duty may modify the gen- eral rule; as, e.g. in the Crimea, the British soldiers were permitted to wear beards. Physicians recommend that the beard should be allowed to grow on the chin and throat in cases of liability to disease of the larynx or bronchia, because of the unavoidable removal of cuticle in shaving the throat. The beard itself is liable to the same diseases as the hair (q.v.), and to a peculiar disease called parasitic sycosis or 'barber's itch,' in which moderately red patches, covered with a purulent crust, ap- pear on the skin. Consult Philippe, Uistoire phUosophiquc. jmlitirjiie ct rcligieuse de la barhe (Paris, 1845). See Barber.
BEARD, George Miller (1839-83). A cele-
brated American neurologist. He was born in
Montville, Conn., graduated at Yale, 1862, be-
came a phvsician at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons in New York in 1806, and devoted
himself especially to nervous diseases. During
the Civil War he served as assistant surgeon in
the United States Navy, and later investigated
the relation of the brain and nerves and made
special studies in clairvoyance, animal magne-
tism, mind-reading, and spiritualism. He con-
tributed to numerous medical journals, and pub-
lished many books and pamphlets. His chief
works are: The Mcdicul Use of Electricitij
(1867); Eating and Drinking (1871); ^'ervons
Exhaustion, Neurasthenia (1880); American
Nervousness (1881); The Psychology of the
Salem Witchcraft Excitement of 1G'J2 (1882);
and Seasickness, its Nature and Treatment
(1884). He collaborated with Dr. A. D. Rock-
well on The Case of (luiteau (1882) and The
Medical and Surgical Use of Electricity (1888).
BEARD, James Henry (1814-93). An
American artist. He was born in Buffalo, N, Y„
settled in Cincinnati, and became a successful
portrait painter. In 1846 he exhibited in New
York his first composition, "The North Caro-
lina Immigrants," which gave him a national
reputation. Among later works are "The Land
Speculator," "The Long Bill," "Out All Night,"
"Don Quixote and Sancho Panza," etc. He
painted portraits of Clay, John Quiney Adams,
W. H, Harrison, Tavlor, and many other public
men. ' In 1870 he removed to New York, and in
his later years devoted himself chiefly to ani-
mal painting,
BEARD, Richard (1799-1880). An Ameri-
can clergyman, born in Sumner County, Tenn.
He began' to preach in 1820, graduated at Cum-
berland College (Princeton, Ky.) in 1832, was
professor of langiurges there from 1832 to 1838,
and at Sharon College (Miss.) from 1838 to
1843. From 1843 to 1854 he was president of
Cumberland College, and from the latter year
professor of systematic theology at Cumber-
land University (Lebanon, Tenn.), He was the
most distinguished theologian of the Cuinber-
land Presbyterian denomination, and published
two works of iinportance: Lectures on Theology,
3 vols. (1870), and Why I Am a Cumberland
Presbyterian (1874).
BEARD, Thomas Francis (1842—). An
American artist — better known as Frank Beard
— born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was educated in
his native city, and served in the Civil War in
the Seventh Ohio Regiment, Mr, Beard began
to do illustrating work when a boy, and all the
best magazines in the country have had con-
tributions from his active pencil. He is also
a popular lecturer, in which field he became
widely knowii through his 'chalk talks.' In
1881 he was made professor of aesthetics at the
University of Syracuse.
BEARD, William Holbrook (1825-1900).
An American artist, brother of James H,
Beard (q,v,). He was born in Ohio, and first
became known as a portrait painter. After
several vears of travel and study in Europe, he
settled in Buffalo. In 1860 he removed to New
York, where he became a member of the Na-
tional Academy in 1862. He soon acquired
reputation as an animal painter, becoming very
popular through his humorous and grotesque-
portrayal of rabbits, bears, monkeys, etc., which
he endowed with human attributes, and in them
burlesqued human foibles. Among them are
"Bears on a Bender," "Dance of Silenus,"
"Flaw in the Title," "Darwin Expounding His
Theories," and "Bulls and Bears in Wall Street."
He published a book of sketches called Humor
in Animals (1885), and a text-book, Action iii
Art.
BEARD MOSS. See Usnea.
BEARDSLEE, berdz'le, Lester Anthont
(1836 — ). An American naval otiicer, born at.
Little Falls, N. Y'. He graduated at the United
States Naval Academy in 1856 was executive
officer of the ^yachuse'tt in 1864 when that ves-
sel captured the Confederate privateer Florida,.
at Bahia, Brazil, and in 1870 carried the first
American flag through the Suez Canal. He was
made a rear-admiral in 1895. From 1894 to
1897 he was commander of the United States
forces on the Pacific Station. He discovered,
surveyed, and named Glacier Bay, Alaska.
BEARDSLEY, berdz'li, Aubrey (1874-98).
An English artist, born at Brighton. His first
art work appeared in the Pall Mall Maya::ine
in 1892, and he soon became widely known as
an illustrator and a designer of book-covers
and striking posters. His method was a fan-
tastic juxtaposition of strong blacks and whites
and highlv elaborated systems of curves, and
has considerably affected modern decoration.
Among his numerous illustrations are those for
Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Oscar Wilde's Salome,
Pope's' Uape of the Lock, and for several of
Wagner's operas. In 1894 he became art editor
of the yellow Book. He wrote and illustrated
The Storu of Venus (1893) and Under the lliU,
a novel (1896); and contributed posters, covers,
and designs to the Yellow Book, the Savoy, and
Le Courricr FrauQais.
BEARDSLEY, Eben Edwards (1808-91). An American clergyman. Ha was bom at Stepney, Conn., and graduated with high honors at Trinity College, Hartford. He was associated for a" number of years with Saint Peter's Church, Cheshire, Conn., and with the Ohesh-
