and Folk-Singing; and Is It Possible in Musical Art to Establish a Characteristically National School of Singing, and on What Data Must It Be Based? published in the Bayan (Saint Petersburg, 1888-89).
ARNOLDI, iir-nol'de,
Ernst Wilhelm (1778-1841). A German manufacturer and financier. He was born at Gotha, established a dye-works there and an earthenware manufactory at Elgersburg, and did much to encourage export trade. He was the chief promoter of the so-called Mercantile Institute of Gotha (1817), founded the Mutual Fire-insurance Bank at Gotha (1821), and the Mutual Life-Insurance Bank, the first institution of the sort in Germany (1829). The beet-sugar industry was greatly extended by him. For his biography, consult Hopf (Gotha, 1878) and Emminghaus (Weimar, 1878).
ARNOLDI, Wilhelm (1798-1864). A bishop of Treves. He was born at Badem, Prussia, studied at the seminary of Treves, and was appointed pastor and capitulary of the cathedral church there in 1834. In 1839 he was elected bishop, but in consequence of governmental opposition was not enthroned until 1842. It was his exhibition of the Holy Coat which, through the attacks of Ronge, gave the first impetus to the German-Catholic movement. He did much to promote Church art, and in matters of Church policy was a firm ultramontanist. For his biography, consult Kraft, Wilhelm Arnoldi, Bischof von Trier (Treves, 1865).
AR'NOLD OF BRESCIA, bresh'-a
(c. 1100-55). An Italian cleric, born at Brescia, celebrated in connection with the movement for ecclesiastical reform in the Twelfth Century. He studied at Paris under Abelard (q.v.), and attempted to apply the philosophical teachings of the latter to political conditions. Arnold of Brescia was possessed with the idea that he was destined to reform his age, and argued that the Church must revert to its apostolic poverty in order again to be virtuous. On returning to Brescia, he preached vigorously that the Church ought neither to own property nor to exercise temporal power. By his preaching the people of Brescia were exasperated against their bishop, and the revolutionary spirit spread widely. Consequently, Arnold was cited before the second Lateran Council, in 1130, and banished from Italy. He retired to France, but, experiencing the bitter hostility of Saint Bernard, who denounced him as an enemy to the Church, he took refuge in Switzerland. There he remained for about five years. In the meantime the people at Rome revolted, in 1143, against the Papal rule and established a commune. Arnold proceeded thither and soon became leader of the populace. For ten years the city was in a state of disorder. Pope Lucius II. was killed in the insurrection of 1145, and Eugenius III. was obliged to flee from the city. These commotions were subdued by Adrian IV., who, feeling the weakness of his temporal authority, made use of the spiritual, and resorted to the extreme measure of laying the city under an interdict. The revolutionary party became discouraged and disintegrated. Arnold was obliged to take refuge with friends in Campania. On the arrival of the Emperor Frederick I., in 1155, Arnold was arrested and brought to Rome, hanged, his body burned, and the ashes thrown into the Tiber. Consult: Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages (London, 1894); Castro, Arnoldo da Brescia e la rivoluzione del XII. secolo (Leghorn, 1875).
ARNOLD OF WINKELRIED. See Winkelreid.
AR'NOLDSON (FISCHOF) Sigrid (1869—). A Swedish opera-singer. She was born at Stockholm, studied under Madame Artôt in Berlin and Maurice Strakosch in Paris, and made her first appearance at Moscow, Russia, as Rosina, in Il Barbiere di Siviglia. She has a finely cultivated soprano voice of extensive range, and has been very successful as Mignon, Rosina, and Carmen. She sings regularly in the Italian opera at Saint Petersburg, and was a member of the Metropolitan Opera House troupe in New York City during the season of 1893-94.
ARNOLD VON LÜBECK, ar'nolt fon lij'bek
(?-1212). A German abbot and chronicler of the Middle Ages. He was abbot of the cloister of Saint John at Lübeck, and continued the Slavic Chronicle of Helmold from 1170 to 1209. This continuation may be found in the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Volume XXI.; or, translated by Laurent, in the Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit (1853, 2d ed., 1896). Consult Damus, Die Slawenchronik Arnolds von Lübeck (Lübeck, 1873).
ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO. ar-mM'fo de kiim'byo
(c. 1232-1302). The most notable Florentine architect of the Gothic period, born at Colle, Tuscany. He was also a sculptor. Like most other prominent Florentine artists of his generation, he was a pupil of Niccola Pisano (in 1266), but also came under the influence of the Roman school, as is shown by his monument of Cardinal De Braye at Orvieto, and by several similar monuments and ciboriums in Rome. His earliest known architectural masterpiece is the colossal Church of Santa Croce, in Florence (begun in 1294), which shows that he excelled rather in conception and construction than in the elaboration of details. When the Cathedral of Florence was rebuilt (1296), its construction was confided to him, but his death led to a change of plan. The famous Palazzo Vecchio there has been attributed to him, probably wrongly.
ARNOLPHE, ilr'nolf.
A character in Molière's Ecole des femmes. He believes that all women of the world will make inconstant wives, and thus tells a friend, in the first act of the play, that he has been rearing a spouse for himself in the seclusion of the country — a peasant's daughter, Agnes by name. The succeeding action of the play shows that Arnolphe's theory is more sound than the preventive is efficacious.
AR'NON. A river issuing into the Dead Sea, the modern Wady Mojib. The main stream is only 13 miles long. The banks are lined with limestone and basalt rocks, some reaching the height of 1700 feet. The Arnon once formed the boundary line between Reuben and Moab. It is referred to in the Mesha inscription, and its fords are mentioned in Isa. xvi. 2.
AR'NOT, William (1808-75). A Scotch clergyman. He was born in Scone, was educated at Glasgow, was appointed pastor there in 1838, and at Edinburgh in 1863. He joined the Free Church Movement (1843), and in 1873 was a delegate to the meeting of the Evangelical Alliance at New York. His works have been much
