buildings erected, and numerous public institu- tions founded, chief among them the L luversity of Berlin (1809). The last quarter ot the Nine- teenth Century was a period of tremendous growth in wealth and population. <lue in part to the wreat industrial development of the city, and in part to its position as the capital of the new and powerful tierman Empire.
Bibliography. For history of Berlin, see Kliiden, Veber die Entstchun<j, das Alter wid die friiheste aeschichfe der Sliidte Berlin una holla (Berlin, 18:J0) : Streckfuss, oOO ./ahre lierhner (ieschichle (Berlin, 1880) ; L. Geiger, Oeschichte des geistigen Lebens (Berlin, 1892) ; Pullard, A Study in Mnniripal Vovernment (London, 1893) • i^haw. Municipal Vovernment in Conti- nental ICuro,,c (New York, 189.5); Maltbie, Municipal Functions (New York, 1809) ; Statis- tisches Jahrhuch deulscher Stiidte (Breslau, 1890-1901) : Statislisches Jahrhuch der Stadt Berlin (Berlin, 1897-1900).
BERLIN, ber'lin. A city in Coos County,
N. H., on the Androscoggin River, and on the
Grand Trunk and the Boston and JIaine rail-
roads (Slap: New Hampshire, K 4). It has an
attractive situation, 10 miles from the base of
llount Washington, is surrounded by rugged
mountains, and' possesses valuable water-power,
the river here having a fall of 400 feet m six
miles. Berlin has a public library, good water
and sewerage systems, and is lighted by elec-
tricity The leading m.anufactures include pulp,
the sulphite pulp-mill being considered the
largest in the country, paper, lumber m various
products, and shoes. Fully $8,000,000 of capital
is invested in these industries, employing nearly
3000 pcrs(ms. with an annual production worth
nearly *0,000,000. Population, in 1890, 3729;
in 1900. 8880.
BERLIN. A city in Green Lake County,
Vis., 90 miles northwest of Milwaukee; on
the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Jlilwaukee
and Saint Paul Railroad (Map: Wisconsin,
E 5). It has granite quarries, dairy and cran-
berry interests, and manufactories of brooms,
washboards, gloves, mittens, fur coats, shoes,
bricks, and dairy, creamery, and apiary supplies.
Settled in 1847, Berlin was first incorporated in
1856 It is now governed under a charter adopt-
ed in 1887, which provides for a mayor, elected
biennially, and a city council. The water-works
are owned and operated by the municipality.
Popiilation. in 1890, 4149; in 1900, 4489.
BERLIN. An old-fashioned four-wheeled cov-
ered carriage, with a suspended body, seating
two persons, having a seat behind covered with a
hood It owes its name to the fact that it was
first made about the year 1070 in Berlin, Prussia,
from designs furnished by the architect of the
Elector of Brandenburg.
BERLIN, Congress of. The European diplomatic conference which met at Berlin, June
13 1878, to settle the Eastern Question (q.v.),
and especially those phases of it which grew out
of the Russo-Turkish War (q.y.). Teniporarily
restrained by the Crimean War and the Treaty ot
Paris of 1856, Russia had resumed, after the
downfall of Napoleon III., her historic policy of
intervention in the affairs of the Turkish Empire
for the purpose of reaching the Mediterranean.
The result was the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-
78. The overwhelming success of Russia's armies
filled with consternation the rivals of that em-
pire, and especially Austria-Hungary and Great
Britain, with their interests in tlie Balkan
States and the eastern Mediterranean respectively. When Russia wrung from the Porte the Treaty of San Stefano, Great Britain and Austria united in declaring it unsatisfactory, and in demanding a European congress to revise its provisions. Germany had hitherto kept out of
the Eastern imbroglio, but her Chancellor, Prince
Bismarck, now cariie forward with an invitation
to the Powers to hold the Congress in Berlin.
The meetings were held at the Radziwill Palace.
Bismarck's residence, and under liis presidency.
The delegates from Great Britain were Lord Bea-
consf.eld. Lord Salisbury, and Lord Russell; from
Russia, Prince Gortchakotf, Count Shuvaloff,
and Baron d'Oubril ; from Germany, Prince Bis-
marck, Prince Hohenlohe, and General von Bu-
low; from Austria-Hungary, Count Andrftssy,
Count Karolvi, and Baron Haymerle : from
France, M. w'addington and the Comte de Saint
Vallier; from Italy, Counts Corti and de Launay;
and from Turkey." Karatheodori Pasha, Sadoul-
lah Bev, and Mehemet Ali Pasha. Delegates
from Greece, Rumania, Servia and Montenegro
attended the sessions in which their States were
concerned, but were not members of the Congress.
Russia had been compelled to concede that the
whole of the San Stefano Treaty should be taken
up for consideration, and the Congress revised or
eliminated eighteen of its twenty-nine articles-
all that had any political signifteaiice— and effect-
ed a rearrancement of the Eastern situation,
usino- as a foundation the treaties of Pans ( 1856)
and Sf London ( 1871 ) . It reaffirmed the principle
that the status of the Turkish Empire was to be
decided by the Powers jointly, and not by any one
of them.' The provisions of the earlier treaties
that were retained related to commercial ques-
tions On the political side, a new jjrocedure
was adopted, reaffirming emphatically the prin-
ciple of nationality so far as the Balkan peoples
were concerned. Rumania. Servia, and Mon-
tene-ro were declared independent principalities.
The°tributary principality of Bulgaria and the
autonomous 'province of Eastern Rumelia were
carved out of the Turkish territoiy.
The first twelve articles related to Bulgaria (q v ) , which Russia had sought at San Stefano to erect into a State reaching from the Danube to the Ecean. The Congress greatly reduced the area of'^the new State, but granted to Bulgaria autonomy and guarantees against Turkish oppression. 'The next ten articles concerned Eastern Rumelia, a part of the proposed Greater Bulgaria This was made a Turkish province, to be ruled by a Christian governor, but it soon took its destiny into its own hands and effected a union with Bulgaria. By Articles XXIII. and XXIV. the Porte agreed "scrupuiously to apply in the island of Crete the Orgaiiic Law of 1808, with such modifications as mav be considered equitable." and to rectify the Greek boundary. Article XXV. placed Bosnia and Herzegovina under the administration of Austria-lfungary, although they remained under Turkish sovereignty. The independence, delimitation, and cxternaL relations of Jlontenegro were treated in 7 articles ; S were taken up by a sim- ilar adjustment for Servia, and 9 for Rumania. The Dobrudja was given to Rumania: Servia received large accessions of territory