is said to liave given the impetus to the improve-
ment of the modern orchestra. He ^vrote several
operas, and rearranged others by Gluck, Lulli,
and Rameau.
BER'TRAM. See Rateamnus.
BERTRAM. (1) A character in Shake- speare's All's Well That Ends Well. He is the haughty husband of Helena, who wins back liis love first by disguising herself as his mistress, Diana, and then by exculpating him from the charge of her own murder. (2) The minstrel in Scott's Castle Dangerous, who makes adoughty guide for his charge.
BERTRAND, bfir'traN', Alexandre (1820- in02). A French archaeologist, born in Paris. He studied at the Normal School, and subsequently at the French College at Athens, and in 18G2 was appointed director of the Museum of Saint Ger- main. He is best known for liis prehistoric stud- ies. For a time he was an editor of the Revue archcolorjique, and he publislied Essai sur les dieux protecteurs des heros de I'lUade (1857); Les votes romaines en Gaule (1863) : La Gaiile uvant les Gaulois (1891) ; and, with S. Reinach, Les Celtes dans les vallees du P6 et du Danube (1894).
BERTRAND, Henry Geatien, Count (1773- 1844). A French general. He was born in Chateauroux, and entered the corps of engineers. He accompanied the expedition to Egypt, and di- rected the fortification of Alexandria. Return- ing with the rank of general of brigade, lie dis- tinguished himself at Austerlitz, and became the Emperor's adjutant; and after the battle of Aspern, in 1809, for establishing bridges over the Danube, he was created Count and Governor of Illyria. After sharing with credit in the subsequent campaigns, he followed the Emperor to Elba, returned with him to France, and finally shared his banishment to Saint Helena. After Napoleon's death Bertrand returned to France, where, though sentence of death had been pro- nounced upon him — a sentence which Louis XVIII. had revoked — he was restored to all of his dignities, and in 1830 was appointed com- mandant of the Polytechnic School. His sons published, in 1847, the memoirs dictated to him at Saint Helena by Napoleon.
BERTRAND, James (1825-87). A French historical painter, born in Lyons. He was a pu- pil of Perin and Orsel, later studied in Rome, and won unanimous approval with his "Saint Benedict Taking Communion," exhibited at the Salon in 1859. His works are in the classical style, are of a carefully finished execution, and for the most part are strongly religious in tone. Many of them have been engraved. The list in- cludes: "Conversion of Saint Thai's" (1861, Ly- ons Museum), "Brothers of Death Taking Away a Murdered Man in the Campagna" ( 1863, Lyons Museum), "Death of Virginia" (1869, Luxem- bourg Museum), "Charlotte Corday's Last Day" (1883), and "Calvary" (1884).
BERTRAND, Joseph Louis Francois ( 1822- 1900). A French mathematician. He was born in Paris. After graduating at the Polytechnic School, he was attached (1842) to the Service of Mines and later became professor of mathematics and mathematical physics at the Polytechnic School, the Normal School, and the College de France, and a member of the Academy of Sci- ences (1856). In 1874 he was elected perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1884 a member of the French Academy. In 1867 he was appointed officer, in 1881 com'mander, of the Legion of Honor. He wrote treatises on arithmetic (1849), algebra (1850), calculus (1864), thermodynamics (1887), probabilities (1889), and a number of memoirs in the scien- tific journals.
BERTUCCIO, ber-too'chS. The court jester in 7'he Fool's Revenge, which is Tom Taylor's Eng- lish version of Hugo's Le roi s'amnse. The character is identical with that of Triboulet in the French play.
BERTUCH, bei-'tooG, Friedrich Justin (1747-1822). A C;erman author and publisher, born at Weimar. He studied at Jena, in 1775 was appointed cabinet-secretary at Weimar, and in 1785 councilor of legation. With Wie- land and Schiitz he mapped out the plan of the Jenaische allgemeine LUteraturzeitung, to which he contributed from 1785 to 1805, and with Kraus he edited the Journal des Liixus und der Moden. His original writings, such as the trag- edy Elfriedc (1775), were of slight value; but he published a good translation of Don Quixote (1775-76), and a popularly successful compila- tion, Bilderbnch furJCinder (1790-1822). He es- tablished at Weimar a kind of literary bureau for the promotion of art and letters.
BERULLE, ba'riil', Peter de (1575-1629). A French cardinal and statesman. He was born at the Chateau de Serilly, near Troyes, and first became conspicuous during the conference at Fontainebleau regarding the Protestants (1600). In 1613 he introduced into France the Carmelite Order, and founded the Congregation of the Oratory. He obtained a dispensation from the Pope sanctioning the marriage of Henrietta, the sister of Louis XIII. of France, anil the Prince of Wales (aftenvards Charles I.), and subsequently accompanied the Princess to Eng- land (lli25). As Ambassador to Spain he nego- tiated the Treaty of Mongon ( 1626) , was created cardinal in the following year, and afterwards became iMinister of State, a position which the jealousy of Richelieu soon made untenable for him. Berulle freely bestowed his patronage on rising authors, and the publication of Lejay's liible Polyglotte is ascribed to his infiuenee. He was one of the first to appreciate Descartes. Be- rulle's writings, several of which have been fre- quently republished, include the famous treatise entitled Les grandeurs de Jesus.
BERTJNI, ba-roo'ne, Abu Raihan ^Iuham- MED iiiN Ahmed al (973-1048). An Arabian scholar and author. He passed a large part of his life at Ghazni, Afghanistan, during the time when that city was prominent as the capital of the Emperor Mahmud. His writings deal chiefly with the history, customs, and religions of India. One of these works appeared in English as India (London, 2 vols., 1888).
BER'VIC, brir'vek', Chaele.s Clement Balvay (1756-1S22). A French engraver, born in Paris. In 1790 he won fame by his engraving of Louis XVI., from the picture by Callet, one of the finest works of the kind ever produced. The engravings of the "Laocoiin," of Regnault's "Education of Achilles," and of Guido's "Rape of Deianira," display equal beauty of manipula- tion and higher power. His works are among the choicest of the French school.
