BJORNSON. 133 BLACK. The Xeir .s'ly.sV.m (IST'.t). .1 <;t,jrc (1883). H,- iiond Our Shcnrith (1883), and (teorirapht/ and Lore (1885). Of these. The Kiiu/ is theTiiost nuli- cal. and tluni^dit by its author the must impor- tant. The novels show the same evolution from The Bridal March (1873) through Magnhild (1877), Captain Manxana (187!)). and Duxl (1882), to the true prol)lem novels The Heritage of the Kiirts [Det Fhiiicr) (1884) and hi God's Wail (1880), the former dealing with redemption from heredity through education, the latter with higolry and literal tlumght. This lirought on Bjdrnson the imprecations of the orthodox, though its aim was to exalt and purify religion. It is Bjiimson's latest notable work. There are translations of Bjiimson's novels by Anderson, and of Sigurd Slembe by PaiiTie (Boston). Con- sult: Brandes, Modenic fleister (Frankfort, 1897): Anderson. "Biographical iSketeh." in Si/nniire Solbakken. translated by Anderson I Boston. 1882) ; Gosse. '"An Essay on the Writ- ings of Bjornson," in Bjbrnson, Xorels (London, 1895) : Bovesen. Essai/s on Scandinarian Litera- ture (New York. 1895). BJORNSTJEBNA, byern'sher'na, Magnus Fredrik. Count (1779-1847). A Swedish sol- dier, statesman, and author. He was born in Dresden, where his father resided as secretary to the Swedish Legation. He received liis edu- cation in Germany, and joined the Swedish Army in 1793. He distinguished himself in the Fin- nish War. and in 1813 was appointed colonel in the army that went to aid the Allies in Ger- many: took part in the conflicts at Grossbeeren and Dennewitz; was present at Leipzig, and con- cluded the formalities of capitulation with the French at Liibeck and Maestricht. Subsequently, he fought in Holstein. and iti Xorway. where he signed the treaty which united that country with Sweden. In 1828 he was appointed Ambas- sador to the Court of Great Britain, which office he held till 184(j. when he returned to Stockholm, where he died. In addition to some political writings, he published The Theogony, Philosophy, and Cosmogony of the Hindus (Sto<-kholm, 1843). BLAAS, bias, Eugex von (1843—). An Ital- ian painter. He was born in AUiano, Italy, and received hi.s education from his father, Karl von Blaas. and afterwards at the Vienna Academy. He settled in Venice, the life of which, past and present, he lias depicted in his ])ictures. The following are among his best works: "Conversion of the Rha-tians by Saint "alentine," "Faust and ilarguerite in the Garden." "Cimaliue and Giotto, "Scene from Decameron." "Dogaressa Going to Church," "Venetian Balcony Scene." "Bridal Procession in San Marco," "Venetian Masquerade." BLAAS, JiLRS von (1846 — ). A painter, brotliir of Eugen von Blaas (q.v.). He was horn in Albano, Italy, and after studying with his father. «ent to Rome, where he painted genre scenes from the Campagna. His "Race of In- toxicated Slavonic Peasants," which he painted in 1800, is in the Vienna Imperial Museum. He preferably depicts equestrian scenes. Other pic- tures by him are the following: "Fox-Hunt in the Campagna" (1877) ; "Market in Upper Hun- gary" (1885); "Horse-Fair in Bischofshofen" (1888). BLAAS, Kari. von (1SI5-04). An Austrian painter, biirn at Nauders in tlic Tyrol. He stud- ied in Innsbruck. Venice. Florence, and Rome, and was appointed juofessor at the .cadeniy of 'ieima in 1850. He painted thirtytliree fres- coes for the Altlerchenfeld Church of that .city. In 1855 he received a prize at the Paris' Ex- position for the picture entitled "Charlemagne 'isiting a Boys' School" (Venice Museum), and in the same j-ear he accepted a professorship at the Venice Academy. He returned to Vienna in ISOC). Among his most celebrated productions are the following: "TuUia Driving Over Her Father's Body" (1832): three frescoes in the church at Foth, near Budapest: "Rape of Vene- tian Brides in Sixth Century" (1858; Innsbruck Museum) ; forty-two scenes in fresco (Vienna Arsenal) ; portraits of Francis Joseph and of the Queen of Spain; "Ekkehard Carrying the Duchess of Suabia Across the Threshold of the ilonastery." BLACK. In art, Idack is the name of the darkest color — that which, according to physical scientists, is produced by the absence or by the complete absorption of the rays of light.' See Color. BLACK, Ad.m (1784-1839). An English publisher. With his nephew. Charles Black, he established a publishing house in Edinburgh, which began issuing the IJdinhurgh Review in 1826, and secured the copyrights of the Encyclo- pcrdia Britannica in 1829 and of the Warerley Xoiels in 1851. Besides managing this immense business, he was Lord Provost of Edinburgh from 1843 to 1848, and was a member of Parliament, as the successor of JIacaulay, from 1856 to 1805. Consult Nicolson, Memoirs of Adam Black (Lon- don. 1885). BLACK, Hugh (18G8— ). A Scotch clergy- man and author, born at Rothesay. He studied at the Glasgow LTniversity. and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1801. From 1801 to 1890 he was pastor at Paisley, and in the latter year was called to Saint George's Free Cliurch. Edinburgh. His publications comprise Friendship (1898). and Culture and Restraint (1901). BLACK, Ivory. The pen-name of Thomas A. Janvier. BLACK, .Tame.s (1823—). An American temperance agitator. He was born at Lewis- burg, Pa., was educated at the academy there, and in 1840 was admitted to the bar. In'l852 he took an active part in the movement to have a law enacted for the iiroliibition of liquor in Penn- sylvania. His eft'orts in tliis direction were con- stant, and led to the formation of a Prohibition Party at Cliicago in 1809. In 1872 he was the first nominee of the party feu- President, and received 5008 votes. He was chairman of a com- mittee appointed in 1870 to organize the Na- tional Prohibition Reform Party, and started a temperance imblieation society. Among his writ- ings are: Is There a ecessity for a Prohibition Parlyf (1870); A History of the Prohibition Party (1880); and The Prohibition Partu (1885). BLACK, Jeremiah Sullivan (1810-83). An -American jurist and statesman. He was born in Somerset County, Pa. ; received a common-school education, studied law, was admitted to the bar
