BETTS, Samvel Rossitek (1787-1868). An American jurist. He was born in Xew Haven, Conn., ami giaihiated at Williams CoUi>{,'c in 1806. After serving in the War of 1812, he was appointed judge-advocate by Governor Tompkins, of Xew York, and this position brought him prominently before the public. In 1815 he was elected a member of Congress, repre- senting the district comprising Orange and Sulli- van counties, and afterward served for several years as district attorney of Orange County. He was judge of the I'nited (States District Court from ISl'S to 18G7. In this capacity he codified the maritime laws of the United States, giving due consideration to salvage, freighting, wages of seamen, charters, insurance, general average, and to every other important branch of the subject. Scarcely less noteworthy was his influ- ence on the formulation of the neutrality and patent laws. Notwithstanding the enormous volume of business constantly brought to his attention, his decisions during the first twenty j-ears of his term of office were uniformly up- lield. -Viuong the distinguished lawyers who conducted cases before him were HofTmann, Van Buren, Webster. Hall, Emmet, and Choate. His princijjal publication is a treatise on Admiralty Practice (1828).
BET'TY, William Henry West (1791-1874).
An English actor, frequently called 'the Young
Roscius.' In his boyliooil he obtained an ex-
traordinary reputation, but failed completely to
maintain it as he grew up. He was born near
Shrewsliury. but passed most of his childliood in
the north of Ireland, where, at Belfast, he ap-
peared upon the stage as Osman in Znru before
he was twelve years old. A few weeks later he
played in Dublin as Young Xorval. He is
said to have committed to memory the long rOle
of Hamlet in three hours, and popular admi-
ration of his precocious acting was so unbounded
that he was thought an easj- rival of the greatest
tragedians. When he appeared in London, in
December, 1S04, at both Covent Garden and
Drurj- Lane theatres, he drew immense crowds,
and had for some time a salary of £100 a
night. His social success was equally remark-
able. Parliament was once adjourned expressly
to see him act Hamlet at Drury Lane, and
George III. himself presented him to the Queen
and princesses. His vogue gradually subsided,
however, and in 1808 he left the stage to enter
Christ's College, Cambridge. Four years later,
at Bath, he resumed his career, which thereafter
proved to be quite undistinguished, and in Au-
gust, 1824, he retired. The rest of his life was
passed uneventfully with the fortune he had
acquired in his youth. Consult; Hutton, in
Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the
United States. Vol. II. (New York, 1880) ; Rus-
sell, Representative Actors (London, 1872?) ; Do-
ran, "About Master Betty," In and About Drury
Lane and (Jtltcr I'apers ( London, 1881 ) .
BET'ULA. See Biiicii.
BET'WA. An unnavigable tributary of the
.lumna River, in Central India. It rises in the
Vindhya Mountains, Mows past the towns of
lihilsa and .Ihansi. and after a northeastern
eipur.se of 340 miles, joins the Jumna on the
right, about 30 miles to the east-southeast of
Kalpi.
BETWEEN' WIND AND WA'TER. That
portion of the side of a ship which is in the
immediate vicinity of the water-line, and is
sometimes above and sometimes below it as the
ship rolls. A shotholc in this locality is dan-
gerous, as it may admit so much water as to
cause the lo.ss of the ship; but the close sub-
division of the hulls of modern shii)s near the
water-line has much minimized the danger.
BETZ, Franz (183.5-1900). A German oper-
atic barytone. He was born at ilainz. and from
1855 to 1859 sang at Hanover and at various
other cities of Germany. From his first appear-
ance in Berlin, in 1859, in the role of Don Car-
los in Verdi's FJrnani. until 1897, he was a mem-
ber of the Royal Ojiera House, where, prior to
Jlay 1, 1870, he had already sung about 850
times. He was selected by Wagner to sing the
part of Wotan at Bayreuth in 1876, and there-
after became prominently identified with Wag-
nerian roles.
BEULAH, bu'la. A land, in Bunyan's Pil-
ririm's Prorp-rxs, wherein nothing offensive is,
and where the wears' sleepers soon awake to hear
the pleasant sounds of bells and trumpets.
BETJLE, be'hV. Charles Ernest (1826-74).
A French archa>ologist and politician, bom at
Saunuir. In 1849 he was sent to Athens as one
of the professors of the school of arclueology es-
tablished there, and discovered the propyltea of
(he Acropolis. After his icturn to Paris he became
professor of archa-ology at the Biblioth&que Xa-
tionale in 1854, and soon won great reputation
by his writings. In 1858-59 he made excava-
tions on the site of Carthage at his own ex-
jiense. His later years were devoted to politics.
In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly,
where he upheld the Orleanist cause. Under
Macilahon he was for .a short time ^Minister
of the Interior (1873). Among his works
are: L'acropole d'Athines (2 vols.. 1854) ;
Etudes stir Ic Peloponnise (1855); Les mon-
naies d'Athenes (1858) ; Phidias, drame an-
tique (1863) ; and Histoire de I'art grec avant
Pericles (1868).
BEURMANN, boir'man. Karl Moritz von
(1835-03 1. . tJernuin African explorer. He
was born at Potsdam, and studied at the Engi-
neering School, Berlin. In 18(i0 he made a sci-
entific journey to the Nile, the Nubian Desert,
and the Bogos region. He undertook in 1862 an
expedition to the African interior, to obtain in-
formal i<in about Eduard Vogel (q.v.), an ex-
plorer, murdered — as Nachtigal definitely learned
(1873)— in 1856, by order of the Sultan of
Wadai. He endeavored to reach Wadai by way
of Kanem, but was compelled to turn back. He
proceeded to Kuka, capital of Boriui, and thence
southwest to Yakoba, capital of Bautshi. In
December he once more set out for Wadai, but,
robbed and deserted by his servants, had again
to return to Kuka. During the following Janu-
ary he started again: but in February was nun-
dered at Mao, on the border between Wadai and
Kanem. His fltossar dcr Tifircsprache was pub-
lished bv Jlerx in German (Lieipzig, 1868) and
English "(Halle, 1868).
BEURNONVILLE, ber'nON'viM', Pierre Riel, Marquis de (17521821). A French soldier, born at Champignoles (Burgundy). During the Revolution he fought in the Republican Army
