BOCCHUS. 216 BOCLAND. dom of Masinissa. After the murder of Csesar Bocelnis sided with Octavianus and Bogudes with .Antony; and during his brother's absence in Spain Boechus usurped the sole government of Mauretania, in which he was confirmed by Octavianus. After his death his kingdom he- came a Roman province. BOCHART, bS'shiir', Samitel (1599-1667). A noted French Orientalist and Protestant di- vine. He was born in Rouen: studied in Paris, Sedan, Saumur, Oxford, and Leyden, and then became pastor of the Protestant church in Caen, where he remained for forty-two j-ears. In 1629 he gained great reputation by his victory, in a public discussion of several days' duration, over the famous Jesuit P6re Veron. In 1046 ap- peared his Oeographia Sacra, and in 1663 his Bierozoicon, or Scripture zoology, to which he devoted many years of his life. In 1652 he was invited to Stockholm by Queen Christina, and went thither, accompanied by his friend Huet. Court life, however, did not suit him, and his visit was short. BOCHNIA, boK'ni-ft. A town of Galicia, Austria-Hungary, situated about 24 miles by rail from Cracow (Map: Austria, G 2). It has in its vicinity extensive salt and gj'psum mines, and is the seat of thriving industries and trade. Pop- ulation, in 1890, 8849; in 1900, 10,049, including 2200 Jews. BOCHOLT, bo'K61t. A town in the Prussian Province oi Ucstphalia, on the Aa, 35 miles west by south of MUnster (Map: Prussia, B 3). It is known for its spinning and weaving of cotton, and manufactures hearths, leather, iron, and trinnned lumber. Population, in 1890, 13,000; in 1900, 21,200. BOCHXTM, bO'Ki.im. A town in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, about 9 miles east of Essen (Map: Prussia, B 3). It is a centre of the iron, steel, and coal industry of Westphalia, which gives employment to thousands of men. Bochum possesses five or six churches, a gym- nasium and several other schools, and a theatre. The town owns its water-supply, a modern sew- age system, and a slaughter-hoisc. The city is governed by a municipal council of 24 members, electing an executive board of 7. (See Prussia, paragiaph on Local Government.) Population, in 1890, 47,601; in 1900, 65,600. BOCK, Kari. Er.nst (1809-74). A German anatomist and medical writer. He was born in Leipzig, studied at the University of Leipzig, and was appointed professor there in 1839. He wrote, in popular style, a number of successful and frequently translated works — such as Hand- buck dcr Anatoynic dcs Menschcn (1838) ; Lehr- huch dcr patJioIogisckcn Anatomic iind Diag- nostik (1848), and liau, Lebcn und Pflege des menacltlichrn Kiirpcrs (1900). BOCK BEEB. See Beer. BOOKING, be'king, Edlaru (1802-70). A Cierman jurist of note. He was born in Trar- bach, studied in Heidelberg, Bonn, Berlin, and Giittingen, and in 1829 was appointed professor of law in Bonn. He was dce]dy learned in his- torical jurisprudence, and prej)ared a nimibcr of valuable critical editions of legal classics. These include Corpus Lcyum aire BrdcJii/lofiiis (1829), (with Kleuze) the In.stiliilioni -t of (Jaius and Justinian (1829), and Ts'otitia Dignitatum Utri- usque Imperii (1839-50). His other works in- clude Kiimisches Privatrccht. Institutioncn dcs , romischeii Vivilrechts (1862), and editions of tile works of Ulrich von Hutten and A. W. von Schlegel. BOCKLIN, bek'lln, Abnold (1827-1901). A Swiss landscape painter. He was born in Basel, and studied in Diisseldorf (under Schirmer), in Brussels, Paris, and Rome. He returned to Ger- many in 1850, and lived in Hanover, and then in Munich, where Count Schack, afterwards his chief patron, was first attracted by his talent. In 1860 he was appointed professor at the newly founded art school in Weimar, but resigned in 1862 to revisit Italy, whence in 1860 he returned to his native Basel. In 1871-74 he was again in Munich, then made Florence his home until 1885, and returned there in 1892, having in the mean- while resided in Zurich. Although an artist of the highest rank, he was understood by only a few, was often ridiculed even by his fellow art- ists, and never became i)opular. Endowed with wonderful creative power and a grandly pictur- esque imagination, he painted only what poetic- ally interested and inspired him, caring little for the public, and while fantastic and sensa- tional in the choice of his subjects, was always original in his design and fascinating in his manner of painting. Notable for his glorious color-tones and poetic apprehension, he was an exceptionally fine delineator of southern na- ture, but in his figures only too often seemed to be impelled by the wish to represent the eternal contrast between beauty and ugliness. Hence the most perfect and enjoyable of his creations are those in which the landscape por- tion preponderates and his landscapes pure and simple. Some of his most noteworthy pic- tures are: "Castle by the Sea Surprised by Corsairs," "Chase of Diana," both in Basel Mu- seum; "Venus Reposing," "Pan in the Rushes" (Munich Gallery): "Villa by the Sea," "Cen- taur Struggle," "Panic Terror," "Anacreontic Shepherd Boy," "The Isle of the Blessed" (Ber- lin Museum). Most of his finest paintings are in private collections in Germany and Switzer- land, the largest number of them in the Schack (Jallery in JIunich, among which is the "Sea Idyl," one of his most original compositions, and a great masterpiece from the coloristic point of view. Consult: Lehrs, Arnold liiick- Un, ein Lcitfaden zum Verstandni/i seiner Kunst (Munich, 1897) ; Heinrieh Brockhaus, Arnold Bocklin (Leipzig, 1901). BOC'LAND (AS. bOcland, bookland. charter- land, from hoc, book, charter), or BooKi.Axn. In Anglo-Saxon law, land held in free tenure by grant (i.e. deed or charter) from the Crown. It is contrasted with fohland (q.v.), or land held, without written title, by customary law. The term docs not describe a particular fonn of ten- ure, feudal or non-feudal, nor was bocland necessarily allodial in the sense of being held absolutely and independently of any .superior. It seems that the distinguishing characteristic of such a title was that it derived all its quali- ties and incidents from the deed or charter cre- ating it. Folcland, being governed by the cus- tomary or conunon law, must have presented uni- form qmilities, as of heritability. alienability, etc. But every tenure of bnclaiid miglit lie dillerent from every other. It might be inheritable or not.
