BOHEMIA. 233 BOHME. Consult: Bourlier, Les Tchecques et la Ho- Jk^me cotitcmporaine (Paris, 1897): Count Liit- zow, Bohemia: An Historical Sketch (London, 1896) ; Maurice, Bohemia from the Earliest Times to 16:>(), a. popular account in the Stories of the Nations Series (New York, 1896) ; Ginde- Ij", History of the Thirty Years' War, 2 vols., English translation by Ten Brook (New York, 1884), for the Bohemian insurrection and its results. BOHE'MIAN BRETHREN. See Brethren, BOIIEMI.VN. BOHEMIAN FOREST, or Bohmerwald. A mountainous region of Central Europe, separat- ing the Austrian crownland of Bohemia from Bavaria, and extending from the Fichtelgebirge on the northwest to the Danube, below Passau, on the southeast. It forms part of the water- shed between the basins of the Elbe and the Dan- ube (Map: Germany, E 4). The region is about 125 miles long and from 20 to 40 miles wide, and covers an area of about 4400 square miles, of which a considerable portion belongs to Bavaria and forms what is known as the Bavarian For- est, or Bayrischcr Wald. The region is thickly covered with forests, which grow to an altitude of 4000 feet, and abounds in picturesque scenery. The highest summits, which are found in the Bavarian section, in the group of the Arber (Great Arber, Rachel), exceed 4700 feet. The rock formation is chiefly granite, schist, and gneiss. The rainfall is very heay, and there is an abundance of pasture. The chief products are grain. The inhabitants of the region are chiefly Germans and Czechs. BOHEMIAN GIRL, The. The title of a popular opera by Balfe (184.3), the book being by Bunn. Then You'll Remember Me" is a very f;imiliar song from it. BOHEMIAN LANGUAGE AND LITER- ATURE. See under Czech. BO'HEMUND I. (J.at. Bohemundus) (c.l055- 1111). The eldest son of Robert Guiscard, the Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria, born some time between 1052 and lOfiO. He distin- guished himself in the war carried on by his father against Alexius Comnenus (1081-84). Rob- ert Gui.scard died in 1085, leaving his property to his younger son, Roger, but Bohemund fought with the latter until 1089, when a peace was made by which Bohemund received a part of Apulia. When the First Crusade was preached Bohemund saw in it aji opportunity for extend- ing his possessions. He was the ablest of all the Crusaders, and as long as he remained with them was really their leader, although not ofli- cially recognized as such. In .June, 1098, when Antioch was captured, he received it as a prin- cipality and remained there, taking no further part in the expedition against .Tcrusalem. In August, 1100, he was captured by the Mussul- mans, and held a prisoner until May, 1103. During his absence his cousin, Tancred, ruled over Antioch. In 1104, after suffering a great defeat, he returned to the west to seek aid, and while in France married Constance, the daugh- ter of Philip I. In 1107 he ffxind himself at the head of a large army of a<lventurer8, who had been attracted by his renown. Seized with the restless Norman desire of adventure, he led his forces against the Greek Empire, with which he had been at enmity since 1098. He failed, and after a year's fighting a peace was made by which Bohemund became the vassal of the Emperor for his princijjality of Antioch. He never returned to Syria, going instead to Apulia, where he died in'llll. Consult Hagen- meyer's arsta tnnieorum (Heidelberg, 1890), which, in the notes, gives full reference to all facts.— BoHEMiND 11., son of P.ohemund 1., was a minor at the death of his father, iind became Prince of Antioch only in 1120. In 1127 he mar- ried Alice, daughter "of Baldwin II. of .lerusa- lem. He was killed in battle in 1130. The later rulers of this name are of little impor- tance. Their dates are: Bohemund III. (1162- 1201); Bohemund IV. (1201-33): Bohemund V. (123.3-51): Bohemund VI. (1251-68), the last Prince of Antioch. Consult Ryhricht, Gesehwhte des Eonigrcichs Jerusalem (Inns- bruck. 1898). BOHL VON FABER, bel-fAn-fa'ber, Cecilia. See C'abalij;ko, Feknan. BOHLEN, bo'len, Peteb VON (1796-1840). A Cxerman Oriental scholar. He was born at Vup- pels in Oldenburg, studied at Halle and Bonn, and after 1826 was professor of Oriental lan- guages at Konigsberg. Among his publications are: Das alte Indien (1830-31); Die Genesis historiseh-l-ritisch erUiiitert (1835) ; and editions of the Sentcntiw of Bhartrihari and the Ritu- sanhara of Kalidasa. Consult his Autobiogra- phic, edited by Voigt (Kimigsberg, 1841). BOHM, hem, Richard (1854-1884). An Af- rican explorer. He was born in Berlin, studied zoology, and in 1880 went with Paul Richard to Zanzibar. In the following year he made an ex- pedition to the interior of the continent and vis- ited Lake Tanganyika. He died of fever in the Urna district. He published numerous zoological, especially ornithological, observations. BOHM, bfm, Theobald (1794-1881). A Ba- varian llute-player and manufacturer of wind- instruments. He is chiefly remembered for his improvements in the construction of the flute. He wrote Leber den Flritenbau und die neuesten Verbesseningen desselben (1847), and Die Flote und das Flotenspicl, and also had some reputa- tion .as a composer. BOHME, be'me, or BOHM, bem, .Takob (1575-1024). A German theosophist and mys- tic. He was bom of poor parents at Altseiden- berg, near G'">rlitz, in Upper Lusatia, and spent his boyhood in tending cattle. He received no instruction till he was ten years of age; but een then the contemplation of eartli and sky had .so excited his naturally pious imagination that he conceived him.self inspired. He learned the trade of a shoemaker, but continued to de- vote much of his time to meditation on divine things. About 1612 he composed his first book, called Aurora, oder die Morgenrote im Aufgang. The manuscript fell into the hands of the au- thorities, got him into trouble, and was con- demned as heretical. It was not published till 1634. Bohme's fundamental doctrine is that everything exists and is intelligible only through its opposite. Thus, in the very nature of good- ness evil is necessary as an element in its per- fection. Without evil the will would rest con- tent with its present state, and progress would be impossible. God himself contains conflicting
