BOIELDIEU. 236 BOILEAXJ-DESPREAXrX. Kreutzer, and others runs into dozens. Among his pupils, the most famous were Adam, Fetis, Zimmerraann, and Labarre. Consult : A. Pougin, Boiehlicu, sa vie et scs cruvrrx (Paris, 1875) ; and G. T. Ferris, Great Musieal Composers (New York, ISS7). BOIES, Horace (1827— ). An American pol- itician. He was born in Xew York, and in ISoH was a member of the New York Assembly, but removed to Iowa in 1867. In 1883 his opposition to the tarifl' and protection policy of the Repub- lican Party, which he had joined in early life, led liim to identify himself with the Democrats, by whom, in 188'J, and again in 1891, he was elected Governor of Iowa. BOII, bo'i-i. A Celtic people, who early mi- grated eastward from Gaul into northern Italy, Bohemia, and the region of the Eastern Alps. In Italy they stubbornly resisted the Romans, some- times victors, often vanquished. They united with both Hannibal and a lesser Hamilcar against the common enemy, but in B.C. 191 they were definitclv defeated by Scipio Nasica, and about half their lands seized. About a century and a half later the Germanic peoples pressed into the northern abodes of the Boii, who were unable to resist them. A fragment of the tribe joined the Helvetians in their migration into Gaul, and were met by Coesar, who settled them in the land of the .li^dui. The country of the Boii, to the north of the Danube, after it had been overrun by the JIareomanni, was .still called Boio- ]ia>mum, the land of the Boii, the modern Bo- hemia. Another survival of the name is Bavaria. BOIL (allied to Lat. bulla, a bubble), or FuRi'XCXE (Lat. furunciilus) . An acute cir- cumscribed suppurative inliamraation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It begins as a small hard ])oint of a dusky-red color, which is hot, painful, and throbbing. This point extends, and during several days these symptoms increase in severity until linally the boil ceases to enlarge. It is then of a conical form, with a broad, firm base, and presents on the apex a whitish blister, which contains a little pus. This opens, and after a few days more there is discharged a core or slough of cellular tissue, and the small cavity left heals rapidly, leaving a white de- pressed scar. Boils are most common in the spring, and in young and plethoric persons, and their appearance is quite consistent with robust health. Men somewhat overtrained for athletic contests, and others who have suddenly changed their diet and daily habits, are subject to them. In some, boils continue to succeed each other for a length of time. In the treat- ment of boils, the intestinal canal should be cleared out by laxative medicines, and the diges- tive power improved by tonics and antacids. The skin should be kept healthy by frequent washing, while the inflamed spots should be poulticed with a solution of flaxseed mixed with an antiseptic, to avoid infection of neighboring parts. A weak antiseptic lotion (bichloride of mercury, 1 to .5000, or carbolic acid, 1 to 200) is a sutiicient application after the core has been thrown off. Deep incision after pus appears is the best and most satisfactory treatment. The cause of boils is infection with a pus-germ, gen- erally the Staphylococcus bacillus, which enters a hair-follicle or a sweat-gland. Aleppo Bitton' or Aleppo lioil. — An endemic disease of hot countries, consisting of a scab or an ulcer which attacks the face chiefly, and is due to infection of a micro-organism. It is also called Biskra buUoit, Gafsa button, Kandahar sore, yatal sore, Delhi boil, and Oriental boil. It is found in the countries bordering the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in Crete, Cyprus, the Crimea, and especially in Per- sia. It was first described by Russell, "who saw it in Aleppo in 1756. Aleppo button is caused by a diploeoeeus, which is found in the blood of ulcers, as claimed by Duclaux, who is quoted approvingly by Fle.x- ner. Others have found a similar if not the same micrococcus in the nodules. In the course of the disease a red spot appears, which soon becomes a papule (pinii)le), then a nodule, and then a scab forms. Under the scab is a sharply punched ulcer, which is uncovered later, when its border becomes thicker. The period of incubation after inoculation of the face or any uncovered part is from three days to several months. The disease is not constitutional. Usually there is but one boil, but there may be as many as ninety on the face and body (Crocker). The disease" runs a course of six to twelve months, and hence the Persians call it 'the one-year boil.' Distorting cicatrices result. It is most common in children over 2 years of age. The best treatment is to scrape the surface with a sharp spoon and cau- terize with nitric or carbolic acid. BOIL, ><pan. pron. bo-el', BOYLE, or BtTIL, Berx.roo. a Spanish Benedictine friar of the monastery of Jlontserrat, Catalonia, and the first priest to visit the New World. Under Papal appointment (1493) as apostolic vicar of the Indies, he accompanied Columbus on the Ad- miral's second voyage (1493-94). He was at- tended by three other friars, and on Epiphany Sunday '(.lanuary (i), 1494, said the first nias's performed in America. He was one of the fcmr commissioners selected to govern the colony of Isabella during the absence of Cohnnbus on a voyage of further di-scovery (April 24 to Sep- tember 29, 1494). Already, it would appear, jealous of the Admiral, he now turned traitor, and with JIargarit and others similarly disloyal, sailed for Spain, there to spread every sort of misstatement against his commander. BOILEAU - DESPRE'AUX, l)wii'l6'da'prA'6', NiCHOL..s (UiSC.-nil). The most distinguished of French critics in the age of Louis XIV., known as the 'legislator of Parnassus.' He was in criticism an incarnation of correct commonplace conmion sense, a schoolmaster in careful work- man.ship, sworn enemy of all false sentiment and I)reciosity, such as marred the poetry and fiction of his immediate predecessors. He was born in Paris, November 1, 1G3G, studied first for the priesthood, then for the law, but found his place instinctively in the rather Bohemian literary (•(mipany of MoliJ're. La Fontaine, Kacine, the philologist and realistic novelist Fureti6re, and the witty Ninon de I'Enclos. Of the Hotel Ram- bouillet and its literary coterie he made one trial and never another. Louis XIV. liked his rare honesty and gave him a pension, but he shunned the Court, save when he could serve a friend there (e.g. Corneille), for he was a bourgeois and not at ease with the aristocracy. Feeble, asthmatic, in later life a little deaf, poetry was his aspira- tion, and criticism, justly weighed and carefully balanced, his delight. His life was uneventful. He never left Paris and its environs save at the com-
