BOLEYN. 248 BOLINGBROKE. of the King's household, and ^lark Smeton, a musician at Court, had already been arrested. The Queen remained at Greenwich that night. On the following morning she was examined before the Privy Council, and protested her in- nocence. In the afternoon she was sent up the river to the Tower. Sir Henry Xorris, and Sir Francis Weston, another courtier, along with Smeton, were also examined, and all at first declared their innocence of the charge imputed to them; but under torture, the musician con- fessed to the crime. In the Tower, the Queen's every action and word were watched and re- ported : but anything she said while a prisoner seems quite as compatible with innocence as with guilt. Her letter to Henry, written on May «, speaks decidedly in her favor, but this letter is now su])p(ised to be a falirication of the time of Elizabeth. On the 10th of May the Grand Jury of Middlesex found a 'true bill' on the in- dictment which charged the Queen with commit- ting adultery with no less than five persons, in- cluding her own brother, Lord Rochford, and of conspiring with them, jointly and severally, against the life of the King, the adultery being alleged to extend over a period of nearly three years. On the llth the Grand Jury of Kent also found a true bill. On the l'2th the four oommoners, Brereton, Weston. Norris, and Sme- ton, were found guilty, the last confessing to tbi charge of adultery only, the other three pleading not guilty to both charges. With her ease thus prejudged, on the loth, the Queen and her brother were tried before 27 peers. Their uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, was president, and their own father was one of the judges. The accused allirmed their innocence, but were found guilty and condemned, the Queen to be burned or beheaded on the Tower Green. On the 17th Smeton was hanged, and the other four be- headed; general protestations of nnworthiness by them at the hour of death being regarded by some historians as evidence of guilt. On the 19th the Queen was beheaded, with her last words praying a blessing on Henry, who, she said, had ever been to her a good and gentle lord, but making no confession of guilt. Henry was be- trothed to Jane Seymour the next day. It is difTieult to form anything like a just and satisfactory estimate of the character of Anne Boleyn — historians, for the most part, having made her biit a lay figure upon which to hang the drapery of religious partisanship, or to dis- play the colors of individual sympathy. That she' was guilty of adultery with Henry is cer- tain; but that she was guilty of the other hei- nous oflenses laid to her charge remains at least not proved, and it is a suspicious fact that every trace of evidence has vanished. The character of this 'mother of the English Reformation' was not saintly ; but she was not the Jezebel that Saunders, the .Jesuit, would have us believe. Ac- cording to him, she was even in ])crson ugly, mis- 8ha|)en, monstrous; but although Holbein's por- traits do not confirm the statements of others that she was 'comely,' we know that she had beau- tiful eyes and hair, and that her only positive defect was a supplemental nail. Consult: Strick- land, Queens of England, Vol. II. (London, 1875- 80); Froude, History of England (New York, 1871); Lingard, History of England. Vol. VI. (Boston, 185.3-50); Green, Histori/ of Enqland, Vol. II. (New York and London, 1899) ; Dixon, Two Queens (London, 1873-74) ; Wyat, Extracts from Life of Queen Anne Uoleigne (London, 1817-25) ; and especially Friedmann's critical Anne Boleyn (London, 1885). Original ma- terials are contained in Brewer and Gairdner (ed.), Letters and Papers of Henry VIIL: Ellis, Original Letters (London. 1824 — ) ; "Love- Lettors from Henry VIll. to Anne Boleyn," in UarleiuH Miscellany, Vol. III. (London, 1744, 1808) ; and Wriothesley, Chronicle (Camden So- ciety, 1875-77). BOLGABY, bol-gii'rt (Russ., the Bulgarians). Also called I'.spenskoye. A village in the Russian Government of Kazan, near the Volga, about 16 miles from Kazan, and four miles from the "olga. It is well known for the historical remains it contains in the form of buildings, walls, minarets, etc. It occupies the site of Bol- gar, called by the Russian chroniclers Veliki Gorod (the 'Great Town'), cajiital of the old Bul- garian kingdom. The time of its foundation is unknown. But in the writings of Ibn-Khankal, in the latter half of the Tenth Century, it is stated that after the town had been ravaged by two victorious Russian armies, it still had a popu- lation of about 10,000. At a much later period, when Bolgary was conquered by the ilongols, the old capital declined considerably. Sacked and almost destroyed by Timur (Tamerlane) in the Fourteenth Century, it was ciinipletely ruined at the time of the fall of the 'Golden Horde.' BOLGRAD, bol-griid' (for Hyelgrad; see Belgrade for derivation). A town in the Rus- sian Government of Bessarabia, situated about 75 miles soxithwest of Akerman (Map: Russia, Co). It has some trade in grain and produces brick and tallow. Population, in 1897, 12,388, mostly Bulgarians. BO'LI, or BCLY (corrupted in popular speech from Gk. jrAXis, polls, the city, from Ha- driauii])olis : cf. Turk, titambul, Constantino])le, for (Is TTjv TibXiv, eis ten polin, to the city). . town of .siatic Turkey in the 'ilayet of Kastanumi, on the left bank of the river Boli, and 136 miles east of Constantinople (Map: Tur- key in Asia, D 2). The town occupies an emi- nence at the extremity of a fertile plain. It has several mosques, baths, and cotton and woolen mills. Boli is on the caravan route from Con- stantinople to Erzerum. Population, estimated at from 5000 to 10,000. BO'LIDE. See IMeteors. BOLIN, bo'len, Ani)RE.a.s Wiltielm (1835 — ). A Russo-.Swedish scholar, philosopher, and au- thor. He was born in Saint Petersburg, studied in Helsingf'ors, and was ai)pointed university librarian there, with the title of professor, in 1873. In philosophy he is a disciple of Ludwig Feuerbach. He has published in Swedish an edition of Shakespeare ( Hagberg's translation) and several original works, including Vmiersiik- ning of liiran oni viljans frihct (1868). In Gor- man he has written Ludtiig Feuerbach, scin W'crk und seine Zcitgenossen (1891), and many essays for periodicals. BOLINGBKOKE, byl'Ing-brvk. The name of a characliT in Sliakespearc's Henry 17., Part 2, who prophesies the deaths of the Dukes of Somerset and Sull'olk. BOLINGBROKE, bol'Ing-hryk, formerly byl'- ing-bn.ik. Viscount He.nhy Sr. John (1078-1751). An English statesman, orator, and author. He was born at Battersea, October 1, 1678. He was
