BOLSWARD. 258 BOLTON. siderable, and its principal nianufactmes are bricks and pottery. Tiie town was a member of the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages. Popu- lation. G500. BOLSWERT, SciiELTE an (1580-10.59). A Dutch i'iii;iafr. born in Bolsward. He engraved chiellj' after Eubens, who, it is said, by retouch- ing his plates with the pencil, instructed him in the stihtlcr matters of technique. His principal works include: "The Conversion of the Apostle Paul," "The Marvelous Drauglit of Fishes," "Landscape with Peasants," "The Vicinity of Mecheln," "The I'csurrection." after Eubens, "The Crowning with Tliorns," "The Elevation of the Cross," after Van Dyek. BOLT. A specially constructed metallic pin for fastening together temporarily or i)erma- nently parts of structures or machines. Bolts for doors, windows, chests, drawers, etc., are em- ploj'ed to fasten temporarily the objects to which they are applied, and are thrown into and out of use by keys or by means of the hand. Bolts for permanent fastenings are of various kinds, and are given various names, according to tlicir form or the use to which the arc i)ut ; thus we liave round, square, hook, and eye bolts as examples of bolts named according to their form, and we have foundation, rail, tire, shackle, and other bolts named from the use to which they are put. The most common form of bolt is that liaving a head at one end and a screw-thread at the other. The tlireaded end is sometimes screwed into the last of two or more parts, but more generally it projects through, and a suital)ly fitting nut is screwed on to the projecting end. Tliis form of bolt is made by passing heated rods of iron into a macliine which atitomatieally cuts off th"! proper length for a single bolt, and forges a head on one end by pressure : and the blanks thus formed are then threaded in other machines, the lieated rods are fed continuously, and the bolts are forged and threaded with astonishing rapidity. Bolts of complicatc^d shape and bolts of larger size for s])ecial jjurposes are forged by ordinary blacksmith-work. Jlctai l)olts used on board ship are called through bolts if they extend completely through a part of the structvire, and blunt bolts if only extending part way through. Bolts having a hole in the projecting end are called ei/c-boUs; rinn-bolts iiave a ring through the eye. U-uis bolts consist of an eye with a tapered hig on one side which fits in a socket in the <leek, where it is firmly held by a wedge or key inserted be- hind it ;' these l)o']ts are used in tlu^ decks where an eye-bolt is needed, but where it is undesirable to liave any projection extending permanently above the surface. BOLT COURT. One of the odd retreats in London, just beyond Saint Bride's Church, off Fleet Street. Its association with Dr. .Tohnson, ■who lived there for several years, and with Cob- bett, gives it additional interest. BOLTI, bol'ti, or But.tee (Ar. boltuiy). A cliiclilid fish of the Nile {Tilapia nilotica) , estcenicd as food. BOLTING-CLOTH (ME. bulten, OF. huUer, huleter, Fr. blulir, from LowL. bulrtare, to sift, from LowL. buna, a coarse doth; cf. It. burntto, Bieve). A fine fabric, usually made of unsized silk, anil employed in separating the products of flour-mills. See (iAlZE; also Flx>UB. BOLTON, bfd'ton. or BOLTON-LE-MOORS (from the moorlands where it is situated). An important manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, on the C'roal, 10 miles northwest of Manchester (Maj): England, D 3). It is one of the principal seats of the cotton manufacture in England, its spinning-factories alone einploying over 20,000 workmen. In addition there are large foundries and iron-works, dye-works, paper- mills, soap-factories, and silk-weaving estab- lishments and coal-mines in the vicinity. The municipal enterprise of the town in no way lags behind its industrial activity. Its water-works were municipalized as early as 1847; it owns and operates the gas-works, an electric plant, the electric street railways, and maintains ice- houses, markets, and slaughter-houses, all of which yield a substantial income after covering all expenses of maintenance, interest, and amortization, and saving immense sums of money to the citizens and the city treasury in lower charges. Even the sewage is utilized in connec- tion with a sewage-farm maintained by the city for that purpose. The public baths, numerous recreation - grounds and parks, a higher - grade board school, technical and art schools, five pub- lie libraries, and two museums are the results of the city's ell'orts on behalf of its people. The city returns two members to Parliament. Popu- lation, in 1891, 140,487 ; in 1901, 168.205. The history of Bolton since 'ery early times is almost entirely industrial. Flemish immigrants in 1337 laid the foundations of the woolen manu- factures, and this was further stimulated by the arrival of French Htiguenots toward the end of the Seventeenth Century. The inventions of Arkwright and Crompton, who were natives of Bolton, naturally revolutionized industry there, though the new machines were met at first with great disfavor. During the Civil War the town was stormed by the Earl of Derby and Prince Rupert (1044). BOLTON, IIexbyCakkington ( 1843-1903) . An American chemist, born in New York City. He graduated at Columbia University in 18G2. stud- ied at Giittingcn, and in 1872-77 was an assistant at the Columbia School of ilines. In 1877 he was appointed professor of chemistry and natu- ral science at Trinity College. He was elected in 1900 president of the Chemical Society of Washingtim, D. C. His more important investi- gations liave been made in connection with the action of organic acids on minerals. His publi- cations include: The Student's Guide in Qnan- titalive Analysis (1885); The Scientific Cor- respondence of Joseph Priestleij (1892) ; A Select Bibliof/raphy of Chemistry, ' lli92-1892 (1893; with supplements. 1899, 1900) ; .1 Catalogue of Hcienli/ic and Technical Periodicals (1897) ; and 7'hc Evoluiion of the Thermometer, l.')!).il7Ji3 (1900). Dr. Bolton has also pursued investiga- tions in comparative folk-lore, on which topic he has published a number of monographs. BOLTON, S.Mi.Mi K.^•0WI.ES (1841 — ). An American author, born in Farniiugtcm, Conn. Slie was at various times associate editor of the Conf/renationalisl, assistant corresponding .secre- tary of the National Women's Christian Tem- perance Tnion. ;ind vice-president of (he . ieri- can Humane ICilucation Society. Her pulilications include: Orlcan Lamar and Other Poems ( 1803) ; The Present Problem (1874); Ilow Success is
