BONHAM. 277 BONIFACE. cotton and cottonseed-oil mills, railroad machine- shops, carriage and wagon works, planing-niills, etc. Population, in 1890, 3361; in 1900, 5042. BONHAM, MiLLEDGE L. (1815-90). An Anuriian soldier and statesman. He was born in South Carolina, and in 1834 graduated at the South Carolina College. He served in the Mexi- can War, and was a States'-rights Democrat in Congress from 1850 to 1860, but withdrew when his .State passed the ordinance of secession, and was made a major-general in the Provisional Army of South Carolina. In 1861 he entered the Confederate Army as brigadier-goneral, and led a brigade at the battles of Blackburn's Ford and Bull Run, but resigned Ms commission (1802) to take a seat in the Confederate Congress. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1862 to 1864. when he returned to the army, and served until the close of the war. BONHEUR, bo'ner', Fban^ois Auguste (1824-84). A French animal painter. He was born at Bordeaux, and, after studying with his father and his sister Rosa, entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Beginning as a genre artist, he soon adopted animal painting under his sister's influ- ence. Although his animals are inferior to hers, the landscape backgrounds are better, being more harmonious in color. His work is often marred by too much attention to detail. His principal productions include "Watering- Trough in Brit- tanv" (1859). "Cattle Leaving the Pasture" (1861), "A Brook in Auvergne" (1863), "Le Dormoir" and "Kuins of the Castle of Apchon" (1807), and "Woodland and Cattle" (1890, Met- ropolitan Museum, Xew York). He received gold medals of the first class in 1861 and 1863, and the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1867. BONHEUR, .Jl-i.es Isidore (1827—). A French sculptor of animals, younger brother of Rosa Bonheur. He was born at Bordeaux, and studied under his father and sister and in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He received medals in 1865 and 1869. Among his works are 'The Tiger- Hunter" (1865, Fontainebleau) and the "Zebra and Panther" ( 1868, ordered by the Sultan of Turkey I . BONHEUR, Marie Ro-salie (Rosa) (1822- 99). A French artist, considered the most emi- nent woman painter of animals. She was born at Bordeaux, October 22, 1822, the eldest of four children. Her father, Ra;sTnond Bonheur, who was a drawing-teacher, gave her careful training, and she also studied under Cogniet ; but it was mainly her own study of animals in their natural environments that developed her genius. The family moved to Paris when Rosa Bonheur was eleven years ol<I, and here she copied industri- ously in the Louvre and the Luxembourg, and also studied from nature. The studio in the Rue Rum- ford, where the family lived, has been described as a kind of Noah's Ark. At the age of nineteen Mademoiselle Bonheur first exhibited at the Salon a picture of "Rabbits Eating Carrots." There- after, until 1855. she was represented annually in the Exhibition. In 1845 she received a gold medal of the third class, and in 1848 a first-class medal. Her fir.st great picture, deemed by some her best, "Ploughing in the Nivernais." was exhibited in 1849. and is now in the Louvre. Meanwhile the studio in the Rue Rumford had been given up, and the artist was studying at abattoirs on the outskirts of Paris. Finding the attentions of the workmen disagreeable, she adopted trousers, and, as she had short hair, she easily passed for a man. In 1849, on the death of her brother Raymond, she assumed charge of a school of drawing for young ladies, which he had been directing. In 1853 she exhibited the famous "Horse Fair." This picture attracted wide- spread admiration. She offered it to her native town of Bordeaux for 12,000 francs, but the offer was not accepted, so she sold it in England for 40,000 francs, and it was exhibited there and afterwards in America. It was finallj- purchased by Cornelius Vanderbilt for the Metropolitan JIuseum of Art in New York City for $55,- 500. The artist made a replica, a quarter size of the original, from which the engravings of the picture were taken. This replica is in the National Gallery in London : there is also a smaller replica in London and a water-color. Rosa Bonheur bought a Gothic chateau at By, near Fontainebleau. and in 1850 went there to live. Here, in 1864, Napoleon III. and the Em- press Eugenie visited her studio. The year fol- lowing, she received the cross of the Legion of Honor by order of the Empress. A visit to Scot- land was the occasion of a number of Scotch sub- jects, such as "Ponies of the Isle of Skye" and "Sheep in a Boat" (1867). During the latter part of her life she lived quietly at By. She died May 25, 1899. As a painter she showed a sound and wholesome feeling for nature, not only in the modeling of her animals and in her spirited rep- resentations of action, but also in the truthful landscape setting in which she placed her sub- jects. Her drawing and composition are good; but the color is almost hard, and the atmosphere is often imperfectly rendered. Among her best- known paintings are: "The Haymaking Season in Auvergne" (1855, Louvre) ; "On the Alert;" "A Foraging Party;" and "A Combat Between Two Stallions." In the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, are her "Deer in the Forest," "A Limier-Briquet Hound" (1877), and "Wean- ing the Calves" ( 1879) , and in the Lenox Library, New York, is her "Deer Drinking." For her life and works, consult Laruelle (Paris, 1885) ; Een6 Menard, in The Portfolio (London. 1875) ; Rent' Pevrol, in the Art Annual (ib., 1900); Roger Mil&s (Paris. 1900). BONHOMME, b6'nom', Jacques (Fr., .Tames Goodman). A term of depreciation applied by the French nobility and others to one of the masses, more narrow! v to tlie peasant. BONHOMME RICHARD, re'shiir'. The. See Joxes. .John Paul. BONI, bo'ne. A former kingdom occupying the southwestern part of Celebes (q.v.), and cov- ering an area of about 1000 square miles (Ma]): East India Islands, F 5 ) . Boni was once one of the most important kingdoms of Celebes, and is was only with considerable difficulty that the Dutch succeeded in establishing their authority there in 1860. At the beginning of the century the British were compelled to send several puni- tive expeditions against the Bonese for interfer- ing with the British sea trade. The population of Boni, which consists mainlv of Bugis, is esti- mated at from 200.000 to 300,000. Capital, Boni, on the eastern coast. BONIFACE. The name of nine Popes, most of whom are of no historic note. Boniface I. (Pope, 418-422). on account of prevailing party divisions, was opposed by a rival bishop, but w.is
