BORNEO. 822 BORNHOLM. southeastern boundaries; on the coast it extends from Cape Datu on the north to Cape Sambur on the south. It has an area of 55,825 square miles and a population of (appro.xiniately ) 370.- 800. There are two provinces — Pontianak and Montrado. The chief city is Pontianak. on the Kapuas River. Sambas, Sintang. and Sukadana are important towns. The exports amount to over a million and a half dollars a year. The chief of these are copra, gutta-percha, rattan, and cocoanut-oil. South and East Borneo, which extends from Cape Sambur to Saint Lucia Bay, and ocoipies the southeastern half of the island, has an area of 15G,!100 square miles and a population of 80!),- 800. The chief city and capital is Banjarmasin. Other important towns are Kotarinjrin in the southwest, JIatapura in the south, Pasir in the southeast, Tangarung. Somarinda, and Koti in the east, and Gunung Tebui in the northeast. The regions host known and most densely popu- lated are in the south and west. North of the Pasir River the interior and even the coast is but little known. The exports amount to .$750,- 000 a year, gutta-percha and rattan being the most important. Inhabitants. — Although the vast extent of the island, with its numerous cave and other shelters, shell-heaps, etc., has not been completely ex- plored, the human remains and evidences of man's industry so far discovered go to prove that man is a much less ancient resident than in Java and Sumatra. The native population, re- cent immigrants of other races like the Arabs and Chinese excluded, belong, as their languages show, without exception, to the Malayan family, no traces of a previous Xegrito occupation being discernible. The interior and certain portions of the coast are peopled by the Dyaks (nomadic and sedentary, land and "sea Dyaks, the farther away from the coast, the less mixed with other Malayan peoples, Chinese, etc.), the character- istic aborigines of the island. A great part of the coast region is controlled by Malays, the descendants of colonists from the peninsula of
- Malacca, the islands of .Java, Sumatra, and other
islands of the great East Indian Archipelago, Bugis from Celebes, and, in the extreme north, Suluans from <the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. The Malays and the Bugis are the more civilized classes, and are more devoted to trade, connnerce. and a sedentary life: and it is from the Malay State of Brunei, north of Sara- wak, that the island has received its name. The Malays ])rofess Islam; the Dyaks. those of the interior especially, retain much of their primitive Shamanism and nature-worship. Borneo has been the classic land of the 'head-hunter,' and here are to he found in their purity many other curious Malayan customs. It is also the home of a species of blowgun and the poisoned arrows that belong with it. Borneo was first discovered by Europeans in the early part of the Sixteenth Century, when both the Portuguese and Spaniards visited it. The Portuguese soon established conmiercial re- lations with the natives. In the latter part of the century the Spaniards also entered upon similar relations. Neither of these European ))coples, however, had any very marked influ- ence on the country. The Dutch began trading in Borneo in 11104. and five years later the English appeared and gained a foothold in the south, which they held for nearly a century. In the early part of the Eighteenth Century the Dutch forced the English out of this section; Vnit ahout the middle of the century the latter reappeared in the northern part. Then, after a lapse of about twenty-five years, the English in- fluence waned for half a century, to be renewed in the early part of the Nineteenth Century, chiefly through the activity of Sir James Brooke. Meanwhile the Dutch slowly but surely strength- ened their position in tlie southern and eastern parts of the island, by afliliating their govern- ing oflicers with the native chiefs, through whom they controlled the people. Consult: Veth, Borneo's Westerafdeeling (Zalt- Bommel, 1840) ; Bemmelen and Ilooyer, Guide to the Dutch East Indies (London, 1897); Lith, Encyclopedic I'an Xcdcrlandsrh-Indie (Leyden. 1895) ; Wallace, 77ie Malai/ Archipelago (London. 1869) ; Posewitz, Borneo: Its (leolofjy and Min- eral Resources (London, 1892); Roth, The -Yn- tires of t<araicak and British 2'orth Borneo (London, 1896) ; O, W. S., European ^Settlements in the Far East (New York, 1900) ; Breiten- stein, Einundzicanziij Jahre in Indien (Leipzig, 1899) ; Bock, Head-Hunters of Borneo (London, 1881). BORNEO CAMPHOR. See Bobneol. BOR'NEOL, or Borneo C.mphor (C,„H„0). A substance often used as a substitute for com- m<m or Japan camphor. It is a crystalline organic compound, similar to common camphor, hut having an aromatic, pepper-like odor. It sinks in water, and is thus readily distinguished from common camphor. Borneol is obtained chiefly from the Dryobalanops camphora, grow- ing in Borneo and Sumatra. It is one of the constituents of oil of rosemary, and occurs in the rhizome and roots of the Valeriana officina- lis. It can be produced by reducing common camphor with nascent hydrogen. The hydrocar- bon Bornecnc (C,„H,s) is obtained by distilling borneol with anhydrous phosphoric acid. BORNET, bor'na', Jean B.rTi.sTE Enor.^RD ( 1828 — ). A French botanist, born at Gnt'-rigny (Ni&vre). He studietl medicine in Paris, and botany, especially fungi, imder the direction of Tula.sne (q.v.) and Leveillc. Afterwards he accompanied Thuret to Cherbourg, where he de- voted his attention chiefly to the study of marine algif, with which several of his books deal. His works, in some of which he collaborated with Thuret, include: Recherches sur la structure de IVphebe ptibescens (1852); Recherches sur la ficondntion des Florid^es (I8G7): Recherches ^ur les gonidies des Lichens ( 187.3 ) ; Notes algolo- giqucs, recueil d'observations sur les .llgues "(1870-80); Revisions des Xostocacees het&ro- cystccs, in collaboration with Flahault (1886). BORNHOLM, born'hAlm (anciently, Borgun- dnrhohiir. Uurgundians" Island, from Old Norse hiilmr. (k'T. Ilolm. Engl. holm, an islet). An island in the Baltic Sea. belonging to Denmark, and situate<l about 90 miles east from Zealand, and one-tliird of the distance from the Swedish to the (ierman coast, in latitude 55° N., longi- tude 15= E. Area, about 220 square mile3 (Map: ]:)enmark, O 2). The surface is partly moun- tainous and rocky and partly low. Tlie cliief formation is granite, of which large quantities are taken for building jiurposes. There are also some coal deposits, and a fine grade of porcelain-
