BOTANY. 346 BOTH. economic botany which studies the proper han- dling of forests. The literature of botany is too extensive to cite in any cojnplete way, so that below are given only some of the more important works of a gen- eral nature. Under the articles Anatomy of Plants, Distuiiu tion of Plants, Ecology, Mor- phology, Physiology, and Taxonomy a selected list of elementary and advanced books treating those subjects is given. Also, in connection with the treatment of the larger groups of plants, the most important available literature is cited. BiBLioGR.vpiiY. Atkinson, Elementary Botany (New York, 1898) : Bailey, Botany (New Y'ork, 1900) ; Baillou, Dictionnaire de hotanique (Paris. 1876-92) ; Balfour, Manual of Botany (Edinburgh, ISTo) ; Barnes, I'lant Life (New York, 1898) ; Bentley, Manual of Botany (Lon- don, 1888) ; Bergen, Foundations of Botany (Bos- ton, 1901); Bessey, Botany for High Schools and Colleges (New York, 1892) ; Britton, Man- ual of Botany (New York, 1901) ; Britton and Brown, Illus'lrated Flora of the North United States (New York. 1890-98) : Darwin, Origin of Species (London, 1859) ; ib., ^'ariations of Ani- mals and Plants Under Domestication (London, 1868) ; ib., 7Hsec/iroroi(S I'lants (London, 1875) : ib., Movements and Habits of Glimhing Plants (London, 1865) ; ib.. Various Contrivances hy Which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects (Lon- ■don, 1862) ; ib., Effect of Cross and Self -Fertili- zation (London, 1876); ib.. Different Forms of Floioers on Plants of the Same Species (London, 1877) ; ib., Pov.cr of Movement in Plants (Lon- don, 1880) ; Goebel, Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology of Plants, translation by Gamsey and Balfour ( Oxford, 1887 ) : (ioodale, Physiological Botany (New Y'ork, 1885) ; Gray, Manual of Botany (New Y'ork. 1902) : Index Keicensis, An Enumeration of the Genera and Species of Flowering Plants (Oxford, 1892-95); Jackson, Guide to the Litn-ature of Botany (Lon- don, 1881) ; Kerner and Oliver, Xafural History of Plants (New Y'ork, 1895) ; Miiller, Fertilisa- tion of Flowers (London, 188.3); Pavillard, Elements de bioloqie- rcgftale (Paris, 1901; Sachs, History of Botany (Oxford, 1890) ; "Schimper, Botanische Miiteilungcn aus den Tropen (Jena, 1888) ; Vines, A Student's Text- Booh of Botany ( New York, 1896) ; De Bary, Com- parative Anatomy and Vegetative Organization of Phanerogams and Ferns, translation by Bower and Scott (Oxford, 1884) : De Bary, Comparative M orphology and Biology of Fungi Mycetozoa and Fungi; translation by Garnsey (Oxford. 1887) ; De Bary, Lectures on Bacteria, translation by Garnsey. revised by Balfour (Oxford. 1887) ; Sachs, //tsfori/ of Botany. ].5.iO-lf<(iO. transla- tion by Garnsey and Balfour (Oxford. 1890) ; Sohns-Laubach. Introduction to Fossil Botany, tran.slation by Garn.sey and Balfour (Oxford, 1891); Coulter, Plant Uelations (New York, 1899) ; Coulter, Plant Structures (New Y'ork, 1900). BOTANY, Fossil. See Palkobotany. BOTANY BAY. The popular name for any distant penal cdhmy. It is the name first givi'n liy tl)e Knglisli liotanist Sir Joseph Banks, ■who went with Cook on his first voyage in 1770 to an inlet near Sydney, New South Wales, on the eastern coast of Australia. Here the British Covernment, in pursuance of Pitt's policy to deport criminals, directed Commodore Phillip, in 1787, to establish a penal settlement. He select- ed a better site, however, farther north (1788). England altogether discontinued tle transporta- tion of criminals to New Soutli Wales in 1840. It has often been propo.sed to establish an inter- national 'botany bay' for the permanent seclusion of the worst criminal classes of all countries. See Penology. BOTANY BAY KI'NO. See Eucalyptus. BOTEL, be'tel, Heinricii (1854 — ). A Ger- man tenor singer, boin in Hamburg, where his first occupation was that of a cabman. Educated by Pollini, he made his debut at the Stadtthea- ter, Hamburg, in 1883, in the role of Lionel, in Flotow's Martha. The beauty of his voice has made Botel a popular favorite upon the operatic stage of Germany, though lie is considerably handicapped by his defects as an actor. BOTELHO DE OLIVEIRA, bd-ta'lyd di <*)'-le-va'o-ra, Manoel (1636-1711). A Brazilian poet, born in Bahia. He studied law at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, and upon his return to Brazil practiced as an advocate. In imitation of Gongora, he wrote a volume of Latin, Portuguese, and Italian poems, reckoned by the Academy of Lisbon as a classic work — Musica do Parnasso (1705). BOTEBO, b6-ta'r6, Giuseppe (1815-85). An Italian poet. He was born in Novara, studied at the University of Turin, fought in the campaign of 1848, was appointed professor of Italian liter- ature in the College of Cortemilia in 1849, and was subsequently director of various lycees. His published works include Ricciarda (1854), h'affaele (1858), // Galeotto (1859), and Spe- ranza I 1S70) . BOTETOURT, bot'e-toort, Norborne Berke- ley, Baron (1717-70). . A Colonial Governor of Virginia, appointed in 1768. Though he dissolved the Colonial Legislature in 1769 for passing resolutions condemnatory of several recent acts of Parliament, he nevertheless c(m- sistently opposed the arbitrary measures of the Britisli Ministry for Colonial taxation, and, finding his protests unheeded, resigned in 1770. BOTH, bot. The name of two Dutch painters, Andries (1609-50) and Jan (c.1610-52). They were born in L'treclit, studied under Bloemaert, and went to Italy, where Andries is said to have l)een <lrowned in' a canal at Venice; but, though they were closely associated by their work. An- dries usually putting in the figures of his brother's landsca])es,"they took independent lines. Andries may he said to bebmg to the .school of the van Ostades, painting genre pictures of peasant life with skill and good coloring. .Tan felt the spell of Italian scenery more dec])ly. and devoted himself almost wholly to icjjroducing it in the manner of Claude I'orrain and with a some- what moni)tonoiis uniformity. Truth to na- ture, good drawing, and a particular ma.stery of light elVects mark his land.scapes, of which admirable examples, on both a large and a small scale, are to be seen in Amsterdam, The Hague, the National Gallery, London, and Dresden, besides a considcralile number in Eng- lisli private collections. Several etchings of both brothers are also preserved, those of Jan being the better executed.
