BOUILLON. 361 BOtJLANGER. BOUILLON, Fr£d£ric Maurice de za Tour D'Ai VEKGXE. Due de (1605-52). A French gen- eral, son of Henri. He first ser-e(l in Holland under Jlauriee uf Nassau, his uncle, and entered the French service in 1635. Joining the rebellion of the Conite de Soissons against Richelieu in 1041, he defeated the royal forces at La Marfee, but, abandoned by the Spaniards, retreated to Sedan and managed to make his peace with Richelieu, whereupon he received command of the French army in Italy. Implicated in the plot of Cinq-Mars only a year afterwards, he ras arrested, and was in danger of execution, but his wife had possession of Sedan and tlireatcued to surrender the place to the Spaniards unless he should be saved. After the death of Louis XIII. he went to Rome, where he had command of the Papal forces. Returning to France in 1649. he took an active part in the war of the Fronde against Cardinal Mazarin. BOUILLON, Godfrey de. See Godfrey de BoriLLON. BOUILLON, Hexri de la TbuR D'Arrs-ERGXE, Due de ( 1555- 1023) . A French general, at first known as Viconite de Turenne. He became a Calvinistand partisan of Henry of Navarre, who, when King, gave him the hand and estate of Char- lotte de La Marck, the heiress of the Duchy of Bouillon. On the night in which he was to be married, he suddenly left his prospective bride, and stormed the fortress of Stenay, then held by the Army of Lorraine. Soon afterwards he was made marshal of France, and intrusted with two diplomatic missions to England, Holland, and Germany. Compromised in the Bironconspiracy, he was obliged to take refvige in Geneva in 1003, but became reconciled to the King in 1C06. After the assassination of Henrj" IV., he was one of the Council of the Regency, and was alter- nately for and against the Queen. The Assembly of La Rochelle appointed him general-in-chief of the Reformed forces, but he refused the appoint- ment and retired to Sedan, where he established a college and valuable library. His second wife, a daughter of William. Prince of Orange, left him two sons, the younger of whom was the celebrated ilarshal Turenne. BOUILLY, boo'ye', Jean Nicolas (1763- 1842). A French dramatist. During the Revo- lutionary period he was first a judge, then a l>ublic prosecutor in Tours, and later he was called to Paris to aid in the establishment of jirimary schools throughout France. He retired from public life in 1799. The sentimental char- acter of most of his works earned for him the name of 'pofete lacrymal.' The most noteworthy among them are: Pierre le Grand, a comic opera, for which Gretry wrote the music; L'abbe de iipec; Lcs deux journics. set to music by Cherubini; Fanchon ; and Madame d<- Sivigni. Of his writings for the young, the Contes of- feris aux enfants de France, Contes d ma fille, and f'onseils a ma fille (1809), have passed through several editions, and have been trans- lated into several hinguagcs. BOULAINVILLIERS, b<!o'laN'v*'yft', Henri, ( onite de ( 105H-I722). A French historian, bom at Saint Saire, Normandy. He studied for a time and entere<l the military profession, but soon devoted himself exclusively to the investi- gation of the genealogy of the ancient families of France. He regarded the feudaj system as the most perfect form of human government, and his writings are pervaded by extreme aristo- cratic sentiments. They were jiublished after his death. The most valuable of them are his Eixtoire de I'ancien (jouvernemrnt dc France (1727); L'itat de la France (1727); Uistoire de la pairie de France et du parlement de Paris (1753); and his Abregd chronologique de t'liistoirr ile France (3 vols., 1733). BOULANGER, bnn'la.N'zhsV, Georges Ernest Jea.v ilARiE (1837-91). A French general. Ho as born at Rennes, and educated at Saint Cyr. He served in Italy and China, was with Bazaine at Metz, but escaped to Paris, and held a lieuten- ant-colonelcy under the Government of National Defense. In 1881 he headed the deputation of French officers at the celebration of the cente- nary of the battle of Yorktowu; he became brigadier-general through the influence of the Due d'Aumale. and in 1884-85 commanded the army of occupation in Tunis. He was Minister of War from January, 1880, to May, 1887, and through the introduction of some desirable army reforms, and the appearance of a po])u!ar music- hall song in his praise, was adopted as the embodiment of the 'revenge' policy by the Parisi- ans. In 1887, while commanding an army corps, he was arrested for remarks on the acting War Minister, and in March, 1888, for disobedience to orders, was deprived of his command and placed on the retired list. Supported by a com- bination of malcontents of all parties, chief among them the Orleanists, he aroused for a time that reckless popular enthusiasm which is so easily stirred in France by a little bravado. For a brief period the 'man on horseback' fLxed the attention of all observers, and aroused some fear as to the safety of the Republic. In 1888 and 1889 he was elected deputy from a number of departments. A coup d'etat "was momentarily expected; but Boulanger's courage was not equal to his ambition. When the danger of prosecu- tion by the Tirard Slinistrv for conspiracy seemed imminent he fled to Brussels. He was convicted of malfeasance by the Senate. Politi- cally discredited, he finally took up his residence in the island of .Jersey, in 1890 one of his for- mer adherents, M. Mermeix, published in the Paris Figaro a series of revelations concerning the inner history of the Boulangist movement, under the title Les coulisses de Boulangisme, furnishing conclusive evidence that Boulanger was a tool in the hands of the Royalists. The funds, amounting to 3.1100.0(10 fra'ncs. for his propaganda, were furnished by a Royalist noble- woman, the Duchesse d'Uz(>s. Boulanger com- mitted suicide at Brussels, September 30, 1891, on the grave of Afadame Bonnemain. his mis- tress. Consult pamphlets and broadsides of the time, articles in the periodical press and the following: Chincholle, Le General Boulanger (Paris, 1889); Guyot, Le Boulangisme (Paris, 1880) ; Turner, General Boulanger: .1 Biog- raphij (London, 1889) ; Verly, Le Giniral Bou- langer et la conspiration m'onarehique (Paris, 1893) ; De Vermont. Les coulisses de Boulan- gisme revues et augmenf^es de plusieurs chapi- tres infdits (Paris. 1890). BOULANGER, GusT.'iVE Rodolpiie( 1824-88). A I'liiiili ligure painter. He was born at Paris, studied with Delarwhe and .Tollivct. and in 1849* took thi- Prix de Rome. Like Gf'rome. whose art his resembles, he belonged to the Neo-Greek group
