BRANDT. 431 BRANDY. Theatre. He acted as the companion of King Christian VIT., but became involved in the catastrophe of January 17, 1772, and, together with his friend Struensee (q.v.), to whose ad- vancement he had contributed, was condemned to death, his execution following on April 28, 1772. BRANDT, Hei>-rich vo.v (1789-1868). A Prussian general. He was born at Lakin, in W est Prussia, and after pursuing legal studies in Ilerlin, entered the army as ensign in 1807. The Peace of Tilsit made hira a subject of the Grand Ducliy of Warsaw, and as such lie fought in Spain and in the Napoleonic cami)aigii in Russia. He was wounded in the battle of Leipzig and taken prisoner by the Russians, who forced him into the Polisli Army. He entered the Prussian Army in 1S16, and became a member of the General Staff. He was connected with the Polish insur- rections of 1831 and 1848, the latter of which he helped to su])press. He retired from the army in 1S57. with the rank of general of infantry. In 1849 he had been elected to the Prussian Up- per Chamber, and in the following year he was a member of the Erfurt Parliament. He was the author of a number of works on military sub- jects, including Geschichte des Kriegsicesens (Berlin. 1830-3.5): Giuyidziige der Taktik der drei f'affcn (Berlin, 1833) ; Der kleine Krieg (Berlin, 1850). BRANDT, Hetn-kich Fba>-z (1789-1845). A Swiss medal-coiner. He was born at La Chaux- de-Fonds, in the Canton of Xeuchatel. After a short apprenticeship he went to Paris, where in 1813 he was awarded the Grand Prix de Rome. In 1817 he was appointed chief engraver to the mint in Berlin, and in 1824 he became professor and member of the Academy of Fine -•Vrts in that city. A complete catalogue of the medals designed by him may be found in the pub- lications of the Berlin Academy for 1845. BRANDT, Hermanx Cabl George (18.50 — ). A German-American scholar, born at Vilsen, Germany. He graduated in 1872 at Hamilton College." was an instructor there in 1874-76, and from 1876 to 1882 was associate professor of German at the Johns Hopkins University. In 1883 he was appointed professor of German lan- guage and literature at Hamilton. His publi- cations include a German-English and English- German dictionary; an edition (1879) of the yathaii der ^Veise of Lessing: a German Gram- mar (1884; several subsequent editions); and a useful German Reader (1889). BRANDT, .JcsEF von (1841 — ). A Polish painter, born at Szczebrzeszyn, near Warsaw. He at first devoted himself to engineering, and it was not until 1802 that he seriously took up paint- ing under Piloty and Franz .Adam in Munich. His subjects are taken principally from the military life of the Seventeenth Century, al- though several of his most charming productions deal also with the life of the Polish peasantry. The following is a partial list of his more im- portant works: "Polish Peasants Before an Inn" (1870); "Episode from the Relief of Vienna" (1870); "Cossack Camp in Seventeenth Cen- tury" (1872); "Polish Fair" (1872); "Battle of Vienna in 1683" (1872): "Tartar Battle" (1878); "Critical Moment" (1884); "Cossacks Caught in the Snow in the LTiraine" (1885). BRANDT, Marianne, family name Marie Bi.scuoF (1842 — ). . German operatic singer. Slie was born in Vienna, and was educated at the conservatory in that city. She first attract- ed attention as Recha in La Juive, and soon afterwards accepted an engagement in Gratz. After 1808 she was associated for many years with the Royal Opera in Berlin. In 1882 she went to New York, «liere she sang for several seasons in grand opera. Gifted with a rich contralto voice of extraordinary compass, and possessi)ig exceptional liistriouic gifts, Marianne Brandt was regarded, in her prime, as one of the greatest German contraltos of the century. As an admirable interpreter of Wagnerian roles, she contributed largely to the success of the music festivals held in Bayieuth in 1876 and 1882. BRANDT, ilAX August Scipio vojj ( 1835 — ) . A German diplomat. He is the son of Heinricli von Brandt ( q.v. ) , and was born in Berlin, Octo- ber 8, 1835. After serving in the army, he was made in 1800 member of a diplomatic mission dispatched to the Far East. From 1802 to 1875 he was in Japan as the diplomatic representa- tive, successively, of Prussia, of the North Ger- man Confederation, and of the German Empire. From 1875 to 1893" he was minister at Peking, lie is author of Aus dem Latide des Zopfes (Leipzig, 1894) ; Die Zukunft Ostasiens (Stutt- gart, 1895) ; Sittenbildcr aus ChuM (Stuttgart, 1895). BRANDY (for older hrandyicine ; cf. Ger. Branntaeiti. burned, distilled wine). A term sometimes applied generically to all kinds of ardent spirits, but usually restricted to the liquid obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the grape. (See Distilled Liquors, or Ar- dent Spirits.) The various fermented wines em- ployed for this purpose contain from 10 to 15 per cent, of their weight in alcohol, the white wines being preferred, as they possess a finer flavor than red wines. The yield of 1000 gallons of wine is from 100 to 150 gallons of brandy. The liquor varies in strength, but is commercially judged of according to the quantity of caw de vie or brandy a preiive de BoUande which it con- tains. It is generally diluted with water until it consists of from 50 to 54 per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. When distilled, brandy is clear and colorless, and will remain so if kept in glass vessels. But when placed in wooden casks, the spirit dissolves out the coloring matter of the wood, and acquires a light sherry tint, which dealers often make deeper by the addition of burnt sugar and other coloring matters. The pleasant aroma of brandy is due to the presence of more or less fusel oil (q.v.), accompanied by (cnanthic ether. The most famous brandy is that known as Cognac, distilled in the depart- ments of Charente and Charentclnfi'riourc, in the southw-est of France. Because of the ravages of the Phylloxera insect, the manufacture of genuine Cognac has greatly decreased in France in recent years; while the manufacture of facti- tious Cognac has correspondingly increased. Brandy is also made in Spain and Portugal, and, within recent years, in California. A second- class brandy is obtained from the refuse (marc) of the grapes left in the wine-press, the scrapings of wine-casks and vats, and the deposits in wino- bottles. Very much of the brandy of commerce
