BRASSES. 426 BRATIANU. cuts (or casements) made in the stone ground. (2) Slabs entirely of metal, which appear to be of a single piece, but are really composed of sev- eral sheets carefully Joined, and decorated in the same style as the first class. Sm-li brasses ■were used almost exchisivcly in Kn<rlaiid and Flanders, very sehlom in Gennany ami northern France, not at all in Italy. Those of the first class alone were common in England; those of the second, which were iar rarer, more artistic and e.vpeusive, are found mainly in Flanders, where they were ]irodiiced as late as the Seven- teenth Century, and they alone have the rich, detailed ornamentation in damascened work. The works of this sort in France have been bar- barously destroyed. In England many remain. There the earliest are among the most artistic; those of Sir .John d'Aubernoun, at Stoke Daber- non (1277); of Sir Roger de Tnimpington, at Trumpington (1289) ; and of Sir Richard de Buslingthorpe, at Buslingthorpe (1290), all very similar in style. More advanced Gothic is the 1325 slab of Sir John de Creke, at Westley Waterless. England probably owed most of such works to artists from Flanders, the north of France, and Burgundy. Among the fine sejjul- I'liral brasses in the Cathedral of Brviges, that of Sire JIartin de la Chapelle (1452) is a beau- tiful example of the damascened work. There is a close relation between the sepulchral brasses and other and earlier kinds of work, especially the bronze church doors of Byzantine art in which the design was made out in the same way by incised lines filled with enamel (see DooB), and also the plain marble -funeral slabs, com- mon throughout Europe, especially Itjily, where the design was similarly outlined. (See Tomb.) In a few cases the brasses were not set Hush with the pavement, but were cither set up ver- tically against the wall or raised on a basement like a simple cenotaph. They must not, then, be confounded with sepulchral monuments in east bronze. BRASSEUB DE BOTJRBOURG, bra'sPr' de bijor'buur'. Cii- i.K.s Iviien-ne. Abbe (1814-74). A missionary and archa-ologist. He was born in Bourbourg, France, came to the United States in 1846 and was for a time Catholic Vicar-General at Boston. Two years later he en- tered u|)on his missionary labors in Mexico and Central America, which continued in connection with his studies of the ancient civilizations of that region until 1804, in which year he served as archa>ologist to the French expedition to Mex- ico. His numerous published works were com- piled from materials gathered in the field and from studies of ancient manuscripts in the ar- chives of Madrid. Besides his momnnental Hii- tory of llic Civilized yations of Mexico and Central America Duriii;} the Centuries Anterior to Christopher Columbus, published in Paris, 1857, he is the author of numerous linguistic, archieological, and historical works relating to the same region. BRAS'SEY, Thomas (1805-70). An English surveyor, widely known as a railway promoter of great capacity and enterprise. At the age of 16 he became apprentice to a surveyor, who later set him up in business. His first railway contract was for a portifin of the Grand .Timc- tion: then he completed the London and South- ampton, with contracts involving $20,000,000. In 1840, with a partner, he built the railway from Paris to Rouen, and was concerned in five other French lines, and as many in England. The capital involved in his contracts at this period was equal to .-f 180.000,000. He also built railways in Holland, Prussia, Spain, and Italy, ami then undertook the Grand Trunk of Canada, ) 100 miles in length, with the great bridge over the Saint Lawrence at -Montreal. Subsequently his laborers were found in almost every country in Europe, India, Australia, and South America. He was generous, modest, and simple in his tastes and manners. Though luidecorated at liome, he received the cross of the Legion of Honor from France, tb(! Order of Saint Maurice and Saint Lazarus froin Victor Ennnanuel, and the Iron Cross (the first time it was given to a fincigncr) from Austria. BRASSEY, TiioM.vs, K.C.B., first baron (1836 — ). An Englisli politician, son of Thomas Brassey, mentioned above. He was born at Staf- ford, England, and was educated at Rugby and at University College, Oxford, graduating with honors. He was elected to Parliament for Devon- port in 1865, represented Hastings from 1868 to 1886; was appointed civil lord of the Ad- miralty in 1880, and became secretary to the Admiralty in 1884. In Parliament he supported or agitated measures to reform labor laws, naval administration, agriculture, etc. In 1886 he of- fered himself as a Gladstonian Liberal for one of the divisions of Liverpool, but was defeated, and when Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet resigned, he was raised to the peerage. He has written M'ork and Wages (1872); The British Navy (1882- 83); Lectures on the Labor Question (1878), etc. Since 1895 he has been Governor of Vic- toria. His wife. Lad}' Anne (Allnutt) Brassey, accompanied him on his journey around the world and published The Voyage of the Sunbeam (1877): Sunshine and Storm in the East (1878) ; The Trades, the Tropics, and the Roar- ing Forties ( 1884). She died at sea, 1887. BRAS'SICA. See Cabbage. BRATH'WAITE, Richard. An English poet (1.588-1673 ) ; educated at Oxford and Cambridge ; lived in London and Westmoreland, his native sjhirc. Among his numerous volumes of verse are: The Golden Fleece (1611) ; The Poet's Wil- low, pastorals (1614); A Strappado for the TJcril, satires HOIS); Xaturc's Embassy, odes and pastorals ( 1621 ) ; and the long popular U<ir- nabee's Journal (l(i38), in English and Latin doggerel, famous for the Puritan who hanged his eat on Monday for killing a mouse on Sun- day. See Barnabee's Journal, ed. Hazlitt (Lon- don. 187(i). BRATIANTJ, br;l-t6-an', .ToAN (1822-91). A Rumanian statesman. He was born at Pitesci and .studied in Paris, where he took an active part in the student gatherings and republican mani- festations which preceded the Revolution of 1848. Soon after his return to Bucliarest he became one of the active instigators of the revoliition which led to the deposition of the hospodar, George Bibesco. His radicalism and his jiromi- nence in the Provisional (Jovernmcnt led him to advocate inde]>endence and opjiose all schemes which had for their aim the placing of Wallacliia under a Russian protectorate. In the same year, when repressive steps were taken by Russia and Turkey, he was seized, with several other lenders
