BRAVO-MTJRILLO. 429 BKAY, reactionary policy. The Revolution of 1854 caused him to leave Spain again, but he was recalled by Xarvaez in 1856, and afterwards was intrusted with several important diplomatic missions. BBAVTJRA, brii-Too'ra (It., bravery, spirit, dash). A term which, applied to a nuisical composition, means that the music is written in a dashinjr, brilliant style, full of ornamentation and colorature that put to a severe test the abilities of the performer. Such compositions are often written to display the power, volume, or flexibility of a voice or the dijrital facility, power, and endurance of an instrumental per- former. In the early part of the Nineteenth Century the excessive lil>erties taken by singers in improvising trills and mns to exhibit their voices induced Rossini to write out the braT.ira passages in his works so as to insure them against disfigurement by tasteless singers. It was owing to these latter that bravura fell into discredit. Tliat it can be united with true artis- tic merit, the works of Jlozart, Beethoven, Weber, Mendelssohn, Chopin, and others give abundant proof. BRAWE, brii've, Joachim Wilhelm, Baron von (1738-58). A German dramatist, born in ^^ eissenfels (Saxony). He studied at the Uni- versity of Leipzig, and was appointed to the Gov- ernment board in Jlerseburg, but died before he had taken office. His Der Freipeist, a tragedy, influenced by Lessing's Miss Sarah Sampsoti, and Brutus, among the first German dramas to be written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, both gave evidence of unusual poetic talent. They were edited by Ramler and Lessing (Berlin, 17G7). Consult: Sauer, Braice, der Schiil^r Les- sings, in Ten Brink and Scherer, Quellen und Forsehungen zur Hprach- und KuJturgeschichte der germanischen Volker, Vol. XXX. (Strass- burg. 1878). BRAWXING (OE. hraulen, to quarrel, boast, brallen, to cr}-, make noise, Ger. prahlen, Fr, hrailler, to cry, shout). As a criminal ofl'ense, the creating of a disturbance in a consecrated building or inclosure. This was considered a heinous ofl'ense both by the ecclesiastical and the common law of England, "as being a very great indignity to the Divine Majesty, to whose wor- ship and ser-ice such places were dedicated." By the Brawling Act of 1860 (23 and 24 Vict. c. 32, |2), any person guilty of riotous, violent, or indecent behavior in a church, chapel, church- yard, or burial ground, is liable to a fine of not more than five pounds, or to imprisonment for not more than two months. In the United States similar acts are punishable, generally, as affrays or breaches of the peace. See Affray ; Brf.ach ; and the authorities referred to under C'Bi.MiNAL Law. BRAX'TON, Carter (1736-97). An Ameri- can patriot, one of the signers of the Declara- tion of Indepenilence. He was born in Xewing- ton, Va„ of wealthy parents, and was educated at William and Mary College. From 1701 to 1771 he was a member of the House of Burgesses, and, as such, took an active part in aJl the disputes with the royal Governors, and in 1705 strongly advocated the adoption of Patrick Henry's Stamp Act resolutions. He was a member, also, of the conventions which met in Williamsburg (Au- gust, 1774) and in Richmond (July, 1775), and served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from December, 1775, to August 11, 1770, during which time (on August 2) he signed the Declara- tion of Independence. Afterwards he was fre- quently elected to the House of Delegates and was twice a member of the Council of State. He was a representative of the 'aristocratic party' in Virginia, and by his views with regard to the organization of a new government — notably those in his Address to the Convention of Virginia on the Subject of Government (1770) — gave con- siderable ofTense to the more radical members of the I'atriot Party. Consult Sanderson, liiogruphy of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (5 vols.,'Philadi'lpliia, 1S2!I). BRAX'Y, BRAK'SY, BRAX'ES, BRAX'- IT, or BRACKS (Scotch, origin unknouTi). Terms synonymously used to designate several different diseases in domestic animals. They are perhaps most correctly applied to a disease of sheep, which has also been called 'the sickness' in some parts of Scotland, 'Braasot' in Xorway, llaladie subite du mouton' in France, and "Loup- ing ill' in Scotland and England. This disease appears as an epizoiitic, and is due to the action of a pathogenic organism similar to that of blackleg. The braxy bacterium rapidly loses' its virulence in cultures and does not develop in the presence of oxygen. Contagion seems to play an unimportant role in the spread of bi'axy. The germs exist in the soil of infested localities and are taken into the stomach along with the fodder. The disease appears in the autumn, be- comes most prevalent in winter, and usually dis- appears in spring, being but rarely seen in sum- mer. Sheep from one to three years of age are most susceptible to its attacks. The animal in full health suddenly ceases to eat, has a staring look, is peculiarly excitable, and separates itself from the flock. The head is lifted high, the breathing becomes labored, the countenance ap- pears anxious, and the animal loses the power of its limbs. It totters, falls over, is seized with convulsions, and dies within five or six hours, and often within an hour from the first symptom of the disease. Tumors are frequently developed on the neck and shoulders. If the sheep's throat is cut before it dies, the absence of any peculiar appearances within the body is very remarkable: the llesli apjiears of a dark-red color, and the veins are charged with dark blood, but, on the whole, the body of the sheep looks so well that the mountain shepherd cuts it up to make 'braxy mutton,' which has a fetid odor. If the sheep is allowed to die of itself, the body soon swells, putrefies, and is rendered useless. It is doubtful whether the meat should ever be eaten. The principles to be followed out in preventing this disease are precisely similar to those referred to under the head Blackleg in cattle. Shelter during severe winter weather is insisted on by shepherds as essential to prevent the malady. In warm climates the same disease in sheep assumes an especially malignant type, and in- deed constitutes one of the carbuncular diseases. Though the flesh is often eaten in the mountains of Scotland, it is most dangerous and condemned in southern Europe. BRAY. A maritime town of Ireland, situated paj-tly in the county of Dublin, partly in that of Wicklow, at the mouth of the Bray,
