BREWER. 471 BREWING. set off from Orrington, and incorporated in 1812, and was chartered as a city in 1889. The gov- eniniciit is administered by a mayor, elected an- nually, and a city coimcil. Population, in 1890, 4193;" in 1900, 4835. Consult History of Penob- scot Count!/ (Cleveland, 1882). BREWER, D.viD JosiAir (1837 — ). An American jurist, born at Smyrna, Asia Jlinor. He graduated at Yale in 18,^6, at the Albany Law School in 1858, in 18l!l and 18li2 was a United States Commissioner, and in 18U2-G5 was judge of the probate and criminal courts of Leaven- worth County, Kansas. In 1865-C9 he was judge of the District Court of the First Kansas Dis- trict, and from 1870 to 1884 was a justice of the .State Supreme Court. After having served as judge of the Circuit Court of the United States in 1884-89 he was appointed, in 1889, an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was also appointed a member of the Venezuelan Boundary Commission in 1896. While on the State bench he gave an opinion sustaining the Maxwell land-grant, the largest private grant sustained in the United States, and a dissenting opinion on the question of the power of a municipality to issue bonds in assistance of rail- ways. He has taken high rank as a scholarly jurist, and his public addresses have attracted favorable attention. BREWER, Kbexezer Cobh.m (1810-97). An English author and clergyman of the Estab- lished Church, born in London. He was educated at Cambridge, and in 183(i was ordained priest. He wrote many educational books, but was known chiefly for his various compendia and reference works, which include A Guide to Scientific Ktiowl- edge (1850); A Guide to Scripture History ( 1860) ; A Guide to Erery-Dny Knowledge ( 1864) : A Dictionary of Phrase anil Fable ( 1870, 25th ed., 1894) ; The Reader's Handbook of Allu- sions, References, Plots, and Stories ( 1880, 12th ed.. 1888) ; and a Historic Sote-Book (1890). BREWER, John Hyatt (1856—). An American organist and composer, born in Brook- lyn, X. Y. He studied under Dudley Buck, was organist of various Brooklyn churches, and in 1881 was appointed organist of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church. Subsequently he became professor of vocal music in Adelphi Col- lege (Brooklyn). His compositions include prin- cipally church music, but also secular works for voice, organ, piano, and orchestra. BREWER, .lonx Sherkex (1810-79). An English historical writer, born in Norwich. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, took deacon's orders in 1837, and in 1839 was ap- pointed lecturer in classical literature at King's College, London. In 1855 he was appointed pro- fessor of the English language and literature and lecturer in modem history. For some time he was editor of the Standard, but in 1856 began for the Master of the Rolls a series of investiga- tions for the preparation of various works, of which the Calendar of Letters and Papers, For- eign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIIl. (incomplete, Vols. I.-IV., 1862-72) niiLst be reckoned the most important. His further works in this connection include editions of the ilonu- menia Franciscana (1S58|, and (1859) of the Opus Tertius and Opus Minus of Roger Bacon. His English Studies, reprinted from the Quarter- ly Review, were edited liy Dr. Wace in 1881. BREWER, Thomas jNUyo (1814-80). An American ornithologist. He was born in Boston, Mass., November 21, 1814, and died there .Janu- ary 23, 1880. He was a physician, newspaper editor, and publisher. In 1839 he edited a new edition of Wilson's Ornithology. He wrote most of the biographical sketches in the History of Sorth American Birds, by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway (1874-84). BREWER, William Henby (1828 — ). An American agriculturist, born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He graduated at Yale (now Sheffield) Scientific School, 1852, and was appointed pro- fessor of agriculture there in 1804. He has been closely and infiuentially identified with the move- ment for agricultural education and research in the L'nited States fSr more than half a century. He has been a member of the Connecticut State Board of Agiiculture and president of the Stiite Board of Health for many years, and became a member of the National Academy of Sciences 1880. He contributed to the Report on Cereal Production in the United States Tenth Census (1SS3), and edited Botany of California (1886). BREWERS' GRAINS. The residue result- ing in the manufacture of beer from grain, usual- ly barley, much used as a feed for live stock. In beer-making, the grain is treated with malt to change the starch into sugar, which is then fermented, yielding alcohol. The residue of the grain, which constitutes the brewers' grains, is very wet, containing some 75 per cent, of water. It is sometimes sold in this wet condition for inmiediate use in the vicinity of the brewery, but spoils rapidly. On account of this and the putrid odor it causes in stables, its use for niileh cows is often objected to. There is nothing in fresh, wet brewers' grains which is poisonous or deleterious to milk production, provided they are fed in tight mangers which are kept clean. The partially spoiled grains .should not be used for feeding. Brewers' grains are often dried by artificial heat, freeing them very largely of their water, in which condition they keep indefinitely. The average composition of the dried grains is as follows: Water 7.8, ash 3.5, protein 22.6, fibre 12.8, nitrogen-free extract 46.8, and fat 6.5 per cent. They are an excellent feeding .stuff, espe- cially for cattle and horses, ranking with wheat- liran and oil-meals in palatabilitv and general eflVcts. BREW'ERTON, Henby (1801-79). An American soldier, bom in New York City. He graduated in 1819 at the L'nited States Military Academy, was commissioned in the corps of engmeers, and rose in that service to the rank of colonel (1804) and brevet brigadier-general (1865). Fnmi 1845 to 1852 he was superin- tendent of the United States Military Academy, from 1852 to 1864 directed the improvements in Maltimore Harbor and at the mouth of the Sus- ((uehanna River, and during the Civil War was superintending engineer of the fortifications of Baltimore Harbor and the defenses of Delaware Bay and river. He was among those who con- tributed to the early extension of the system of coa^i and frontier defenses. BREWING (AS. hreowan, OHG, hriuwan, Ger. brauen, Icel. bruyga, to brewjcf. Ok. ppvrov, hryton, a kind of beer or cider). The pro<-ess of making beer, ale, or other fermented liquora which do not undergo distillation. This art,
